Due to the ubiquitous nature of phenolics and their well-documented health benefits, they have great potentials for drug development. Thus, this review sought to add to existing literature regarding the anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potentials of phenolic compounds mainly, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Hence, ensuring a good balance between reactive species; reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS respectively) and anti-oxidants via the consumption of diets rich in phenolic compounds is crucial for the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Aside from that, consuming phenolics reduces one’s risk of contracting microbial-borne diseases as they possess an anti-microbial potential. Consequently, phenolic compounds are potent candidates for drug development. However, further studies should be conducted to elucidate their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial mechanisms. Also, studies should be carried to ascertain the efficacies of phenolic compounds-metal complexes in anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial.

Bu çalışmada, klinik yöneticisi kadın veteriner hekimlerin cinsiyete dayalı olarak karşılaştıkları zorluk ve avantajların ortaya çıkarılması ve deontolojik / etik yaklaşımlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan anket sonuçlarında, kadın veteriner hekimlerin% 90,8'inin işini tatmin ederek yaptığı; Katılımcıların% 33,8'i kadın veteriner olmanın avantajlı yönleri olduğunu düşünürken, dezavantajlarının daha fazla olduğunu düşünenlerin oranı% 66,2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kadın veteriner hekimlerle yapılan görüşmelerde katılımcıların% 58,2'sinin veteriner istihdamında seçimin tamamen erkekler lehine yapıldığını düşündüğü,% 18,2'sinin ise kısmi olduğu belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca meslektaşların uygulama sırasında etik ve deontolojik ilkelere uygun davrandıkları tespit edilmiştir. tamamen katılımcıların% 47,3'üne ve kısmen katılımcıların% 28,2'sine göre. Sonuç olarak, çeşitli mesleklerden kadın işçilerin karşılaştıkları sorunlar arasında benzerliklerin tespit edilmesine katkı sağlamayı amaçlayan bu araştırma, yönetici sahibi kadın veteriner hekimlerin cinsiyete dayalı bir yaklaşımla farklı oranlarda karşı karşıya olduğunu tespit etmektedir.

Homocysteine (Hcy) is an amino acid containing sulfur group in methionine metabolism regulating by vitamin B12 and folic acid. In recent years, it has been used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of several diseases. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to investigate normal values of plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Angora cats considering the age and gender. Thirty-two blood samples were collected from healthy Angora cats. They were classified as young (5.8±2.6 months, n=16) and adults (76.6±52.6 months, n=16) according to age, and as male (n=16) and female (n=16) according to gender as well. The findings of this study showed that plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folate concentrations of all cats were totally 29.94±3.20 nmol/mL, 1179.25±156.96 pg/mL, 28.10±1.50 ng/mL, respectively. These parameters were not differed statistically according to gender (P>0.05). On the other hand, it was observed that plasma concentrations of Hcy, and vitamin B12 were significantly (P<0.05) increased by ageing, except folate levels. In conclusion, this is the first study represents the normal values of plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Angora cats considering age and gender It is supposed that findings of this study may offer scientific data for researchers, veterinarians, or further comprehensive studies.

This study was conducted to compare the sedative and cardiovascular effects of alfaxalone and medetomidine in cats. In the study, 18 owned cats brought for X-ray, ultrasound, dental examination, ear diseases examination, and bandage change were used. The cats were randomly divided into two groups; 4 mg/kg alfaxalone was intravenously administered to one group and 0.08 mg/kg medetomidine to the other group. After the application, movement changes and sedation conditions were recorded. Sedation score, analgesia score, heart rate, respiratory rate, and side effects were also recorded. The sedation score was higher and the duration of sedation was longer in the medetomidine group, and the differences were statistically significant. As a result, it was concluded that alfaxalone and medetomidine have clinically similar sedative and analgesic efficacy, medetomidine should be preferred in applications requiring prolonged sedation in cats, and alfaxalone is more reliable in animals with cardiovascular problems.

Gastrointestinal diseases are caused by many of the apicomplexan protozoan parasites and cause significant clinical diseases. Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important diseases of young ruminant livestock, particularly neonatal calves. This study investigates the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in Karbala farm cattle. Totally, 1360 fecal samples were collected from cows and calves between (1 week to  5years old) from both genders, from different regions of Karbala. Different fecal examination methods (direct fecal smear, fecal flotation with saturated salt solution and faecal smear stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen were performed to determine Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and other mixed parasites in the fecal samples. The results showed that 29.4% of the fecal samples were detected positive for cryptosporidiosis (400/1360). The highest infection rate appeared (41.9%) in the age group from 3-6 months old, and less rate was (15.1%) in 2 years (P≤0.05). Additionally, there was no significant variation found in infection rates between males (33.8%) and females (25.6%). Mixed infections have been reported with Eimeria spp. oocysts (7.3%), Giardia lamblia cysts (1.4%) and Trichostrongylus spp. eggs (5.1%) (P≤0.05). The results indicated the requirement for the eradication of the gastrointestinal parasites by deworming and a good management system in the sampled region.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of timoquinone and β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) on the brain tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Randomly selected 35 male rats were divided into five groups of 7 animals each at 8 weeks. The groups are respectively; C, D, DT, DB, DTB. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by intraperitoneally injection of a single dose of streptozotocin. Thymoquinone (20 mg/kg/day) and BAIBA (100 mg/kg/day) were administered to diabetic rats by gavage for 5 weeks. In the D group; glutathione (GSH) levels decreased. Again, in this group; relative brain weight, malondialdehyde (MDA), glucose, cholesterol (CH) triglyceride (TG) and creatine kinase BB (CK BB) levels increased. The histological structure of the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum in diabetic rats was similar to that of the other groups. No histopathological alterations were detected in the central nervous system (CNS) at light microscopic level in any of the groups. It was observed that these biocehemical changes occurring after DM were reversed significantly in DT, DB and DBT groups. Although the protective effects of BAIBA were stronger than thymoquinone, the most effective result was obtained with the combined use of thymoquinone+BAIBA. The biochemical results obtained in this study showed that oxidative stress occurred in the brain tissue of diabetic rats. However, the effects of oxidative stress on the histological structure of brain tissue could not be detected by light microscopic level. The biochemical analysis results suggested that administration thymoquinone and BAIBA could be used as therapeutic agents with the potential to ameliorate brain damage caused by diabetes mellitus because of the antioxidant effects.

Post-breeding endometritis is among the most important causes of infertility in purebred Arabian mares. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the diagnosis of post-breeding endometritis by various intrauterine antibiotics administrations and to determine the most successful treatment protocol in terms of achieving pregnancy. For this purpose, a total of 80 purebred Arabian mares, that had no reproductive problems in the previous season but were susceptible to post-breeding endometritis in the season of the study were included. During the ovulation follow up performed 24 and 48 hours after the insemination, mares with an intrauterine fluid accumulation larger than 2 cm in diameter were considered susceptible to post-breeding endometritis. These mares were divided into 3 different intrauterine treatment groups: Group I (Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid, n=20), Group II (Ceftiofur Sodium, n=20) and Group III (Florfenicol, n=20). The mares in the control group were not given any treatment other than placebo (0.09% NaCl) (Group IV, n=20). Oxytocin (IM) was administered to all mares in the treatment and control groups 2-3 hours after the application, in 3 doses at 6 hour intervals. An examination was performed at the 24th and 48th hours following the ovulation to determine ovulation. Pregnancy examinations were carried out by ultrasound on the 15th, 30th and 45th days after the ovulation. As a result of the treatments, pregnancy rates among the groups were found as 40%, 60%, 55% and 20%, respectively. As a result, it was concluded that Ceftiofur sodium and Florfenicol applications are effective (p<0.05) in terms of pregnancy rates in mares susceptible to post-breeding endometritis.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of florfenicol and sulfonamide residue in beef meat samples collected from slaughterhouses in Burdur province center. For this purpose, 100 g of meat samples were collected and florfenicol and sulfonamide residue analyzes were performed by ELISA. Each meat sample was also recorded for which the sample was taken from the particular animal. Florfenicol was detected in 3 of 88 samples (3.4%) at concentrations of 0.97, 1.35, 1.40 µg/kg (mean level: 1.24±0.23), and sulfonamide residues were detected in 3 of 86 samples (3.5%) at concentrations of 27.13, 34.50, 44.40 (mean level: 35.34±8.66). Concentrations of florfenicol and sulfonamide in the residues detected were found to be below the maximum allowed residue limits (200 µg/kg and 100 µg/kg, respectively). No residue were found in remaining 85 and 83 samples. Therefore, it was concluded that florfenicol and sulfonamide residues in samples were not at a level that would threaten the public health.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between gender and breed factors on inter and cross sucking calves with abnormal behavior. Present field study was enrolled among 4 different farms located in Aydin Municipality, in the Aegean Region of Turkey. A total of 456 calves, with abnormal behavior characteristics, from those 4 farms, were enrolled, involving neonatal calves. The data collected during half an hour observation session were as follows: a) total suckling period and b) suckling bout attempts. Cross-sucking was frequently detected near the feeder in all 4 farms. Heavier calves were sucked more often. The milk bottle were also sucked often, but never longer than 10 seconds. Calves were frequently active in cross-sucking and it was observed that the cross-sucking calves went into the milk feeder more often for a shorter duration. Simmental calves with cross-suckling per observation time were significantly higher than that of the Holstein (p˂0.001). Number of Simmental calves was higher for cross- and inter-sucking behavior. Given the individual interpretation of 4 different farms involved in this study, cross-sucking attempts regarding gender indicated significancy for farms I (p˂0.05) and IV (p˂0.001). The present study supports a potential preliminary finding for calves with stereotypical behaviors for further studies in Turkey.

It was aimed with present study to determining the assemblages characterisation of G. duodenalis and to comparison of pathogenicity of intermittent spread agent with microscopic faecal examination and Nested PCR in cattle. Assemblages A and E were found to be major assemblage of G. duodenalis detected by targeting the amplication of β-giardin with nPCR. Furthermore, it was observed that 7/9 calves that were nPCR negative in the 1st month returned to positivity in the following months (100%), and negative microscopy and rapid test kit evaluations could be detected despite periodic nPCR positivity. In conclusion this study might be represented baseline date for following of faceal excreation period and importance of preventive treatment in cattle.