An adult male shingleback lizard (Tiliqua rugosa), weighing 700 grams, was presented with a swelling growth on the left lobe of the head.  Clinical examination indicated a mass growth, and the lizard was diagnosed with caseous abscess accumulation. Surgical intervention was performed to remove the caseous abscess. Post-surgery treatment consists of enrofloxacin, meloxicam, tramadol, multivitamin, and topical antibiotic cream. Laboratory bacterial culture from the removed caseous abscess revealed Klebsiella sp. infection. Six months after the surgery, the shingleback lizard was presented with no swelling reoccurrence in a clinical healthy condition.

The present investigations were designed to deal with the problem of ovarian inactivity of Dromedary camel. Twenty she-camels were divided into two equal groups as primiparous or multiparous. The same protocol was applied on both groups which was two doses of Receptal® (10μg GnRH analogue) with 10 days apart and exogenous progesterone (PRID) insertion at day zero and was removed at day 10. Blood samples were taken several days for analysing Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Progesterone (P4) and Estradiol (E2). Also, Follicular Size was measured using ultrasound. Significant differences were obtained in FSH, P4 and E2 along days of treatment. Moreover, multiparous had higher levels of FSH and E2 than primiparous. On the other hand, no significant difference in P4 level was recorded between groups. In general, treatment induced significantly a new follicular wave and stimulates follicle growth from 8.406 mm (day13) up to 12.791 mm (day 15 of PRID insertion), nevertheless, no significance in follicular size between groups was observed. She-camels in both groups revealed a noticed response to treatment protocol which was observed via estrous signs. Pregnancy rate doesn't reveal a significant difference between groups. We can conclude that, a combination of 1.55gm of exogenous P4 and two doses of 10µg GnRH analogues can enhance emergence of follicular development up to pre ovulatory size and significantly alter hormonal profile of primiparous and multiparous she camels with inactive ovaries.

Total of ninety random samples of raw chilled whole chicken carcass, chicken fillet and chicken giblet, 30 of each, were randomly collected from butchers located in Qalubiya governorate, Egypt, and were subjected to mycological examination for the incidence of yeast species contamination during summer and winter seasons, samples were collected equally during each season (15 samples of each product/season). Results revealed contamination of 100 and 93.3% of the whole examined samples during summer and winter seasons, respectively; where giblet samples showed the highest contamination levels with mean count of 3.8 and 3.0 log10 CFU/g, respectively, followed by fillet and whole carcass, respectively. Candida and Rhodotorula species were detected in the incidence of 60% and 40% of the examined samples during summer and winter seasons, respectively indicated that the levels of chicken meat contamination with yeast is higher in summer season than winter season. After all, the application of strict hygienic measures is highly recommended during processing and storage of raw chicken meat cuts, as well as keep raw chicken cuts chilled to avoid the enhancement of hot and humid climate of summer season on the microbial growth.

Plainly treated foods are highly recommended in the recent world, so edible packaging using encapsulated essential oils in biopolymers have afforded a premium and nontoxic food preservation technique. In this work, chitosan-based emulsions made of liposomes loaded with thyme essential oil were explored to lengthen the shelf-life of white soft cheese. Chitosan-based emulsions with TEO/liposomes, prepared by 2% wt/v chitosan solutions (CL-TEO), are active for 60 days. Antimicrobial activities were assessed via determination of total viable counts of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) over 4 weeks at refrigerated storage at 5 ºC. Cheese samples coated with CL-TEO 2% v/v and samples coated with CL-TEO 1% v/v plus nisin kept its satisfactory appearance, as well acceptable bacterial counts for 1 month at 5ºC. The results suggested that the formulated liposomal chitosan emulsions encapsulated TEO 2% v/v and liposomal chitosan emulsion encapsulated TEO 1% v/v plus nisin might be promising natural formulas to extend the shelf life in addition to preserving the flavour of white soft cheese.

Live attenuated lyophilized vaccines are widely used to control the infectious diseases. Lyophilization process may lead to loss of virus titer after vaccine reconstitution consequently decreasing efficacy of vaccine. So, to protect the infectivity titer of the virus from freeze drying stress, good stabilizers must be added. Therefore, in present study three different stabilizers [dried skimmed milk (DSM), lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose (LS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)] were used to prepare three types of live freeze-dried vaccines of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain. The prepared vaccines were subjected to quality control tests and proved to be sterile and safe. On titration of the prepared vaccines after lyophilization it was found that LS stabilizer was the most protective to the live NDV LaSota reducing its infectivity by 0.27 log10 EID50 only, while losses detected of EID50 of DSM and PVP stabilizers was 0.66 and 1.16 log10 respectively. HI antibody titer in the vaccinated chicks were detected starting form 1st week post vaccination (WPV) and all vaccines induced significant higher antibody response than control unvaccinated. All vaccinated chicks could resist the challenge with virulent strain of NDV at the 3rd WPV. Protection rate induced by the prepared vaccines ranged from 90% in DSM and PVP to 100% in LS group. Histopathological lesions were detected in organs from birds that died post challenge either in unvaccinated or vaccinated challenged confirming the virulence of subgenotype VIId NDV and indicating the high immune response induced by the vaccines. In this study: LS was found to be the most protective stabilizers for virus among DSM and PVP in live NDV vaccine formulation.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious diseases affecting cloven hoofed livestock. In order to evaluate serum concentration of some inflammatory mediators which may contribute in FMD pathogenesis, total number of thirty Holstein dairy cows was selected during FMD outbreak in Egypt (summer, 2022) to carry out this study. Fifteen of them were affected with FMD and the remaining was healthy. Serum samples were obtained and analyzed to detect the level of some biomarkers which included tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-gamma (IFN- γ), in addition to serum level of serum amyloid A protein (SAA), mannose binding lectin (MBL),  lactoferrin and monocytes chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1). All the previously listed mediators were significantly elevated in serum of FMD-affected cows, as compared to healthy cows, except the serum level of IL-4 and IL-10; their concentration was significantly decreased in the affected cows. In conclusion, these cytokines, chemokines and proteins are involved and play a key role in pathogenesis of FMD.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to clinically characterize intestinal intussusception in dogs and cats in Egypt. Medical records including signalment, clinical findings, diagnostic imaging features, treatment, and outcomes of dogs (n = 40) and cats (n = 30) with confirmed intestinal intussusception were reviewed. On presentation, ages were 2.56 ± 1 years for dogs and 2.6 ± 2.07 years for cats, the common breeds were German Shepherd (42.5%) and Persian cat (46.66%).  Male dogs (67.5%) and tom cats (73.3%) were commonly presented. For diagnosis, the effectiveness of radiography was 67.5% for dogs and 70% for cats, whereas ultrasonography accuracy was 87.5% for dogs and 80% for cats. Three cases need further confirmation of diagnosis by computed tomography. Leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, and hypoalbuminemia were mostly observed in laboratory abnormalities. The most common site for intussusception noted in both dogs and cats was the ileocolic junction (ICJ; 50% and 47.7%, respectively). Based on intestinal health status, treatment methods included (MR) manual reduction (17.5% for dogs, 16.66% for cats) or manual reduction plus intestinal resection and anastomosis (IRA) (72.5% for dogs, 73.33% for cats). The overall survival rate post-operatively was 87.5 for dogs and 90% for cats. In conclusion, this study identifies clinical, laboratory, and diagnostic results, as well as treatment methods, applied for intestinal intussusception in dogs and cats in Egypt. Moreover, this study suggests that early presentation, diagnosis, and surgical intervention are necessary to improve the outcome and reduce the simultaneous complications.

This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of calcareous marine algae (AcidBuf), sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide mixture for the treatment of lactic acidosis in goats. In this study, a total of 57 goats were diagnosed with lactic acidosis and subjected to a therapeutic trial of 4g AcidBuf plus 10 g Na-bicarbonate plus 4g magnesium oxide/head once daily for three days. Before and 72 h after treatment, a clinical examination and blood and ruminal fluid samples were taken. Within 72 h of the therapeutic trial, the clinical signs of lactic acidosis gradually improved and resolved and the rumen pH increased significantly from 5.16±0.460 to 6.54±0.246. Rumen contraction, rumen fluid physical properties (color, odor and consistency), protozoal motility and ruminal microflora differed significantly toward the normal of healthy goats. Regarding haemgasometry and hematobiochemical parameters, a highly significant decrease in Hb, HCT% , TLC, ALT, AST, creatinine and lactate values and a highly significant increase in blood pH, HCO3-, pCO2, serum urea, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (βHBA) were recorded compared to the pre-treatment values. The current study concluded that calcareous marine algae, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide mixture is very helpful in minimizing the severity of ruminal lactic acidosis in goats and could be used as the therapy of choice.

Aeromonas hydrophila, is an important foodborne bacterial disease in the aquaculture. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Aeromonas species, virulence genes associated in A. hydrophila and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. isolated from fish samples (tilapia, mugil, tuna, saurus, pagrus and shrimp) collected from Zagazig city markets, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Aeromonas spp. was isolated with a percentage of 39.3% of all examined fish samples. Four Aeromonas species (A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. fluvials and A. sobria) were isolated from the tested fish samples (12%, 15.3%, 2.7% and 9.3%, respectively). A. hydrophila was only isolated from Tilapia, Saurus and Shrimp samples (16%, 28% and 28%, respectively). Aerolysin (aerA) and haemolysin (ahh1) were expressed in 100% and 75% of the A. hydrophila isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Aeromonas spp. revealed marked resistant for testing antibiotics; Ampicillin (100 %), Erythromycin (100 %), Tetracycline (83.3 %), Sulphamethoxazol (75 %), Cefotaxime (50 %) and Cephalothin (50 %). Dipping of Nile tilapia in lemon juice 5% for 2 h reduced A. hydrophila counts by 0.45 log cfu/g (64.44%). In conclusion, the present study confirms contamination of fish by Aeromonas spp. Immersion of fish in in lemon juice 5% is an efficient policy for reducing A. hydrophila in fish.

This study investigated incidence, phenotypic-genotypic antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic salmonellae from broiler chicken and human in Egypt. Two hundred and forty samples were randomly collected from broilers including (liver, gizzard, intestine, n=60 of each) and from workers (hand swabs, n=60) at poultry outlets. Isolation, biochemical and serological identifications of Salmonella spp. were performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella serotypes was done using disc diffusion method. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serotypes was calculated. Genotypic detection of antimicrobial resistance genes [blaTEM, floR and tetA(A)] was identified in phenotypically resistant salmonellae using PCR. The incidence of Salmonella spp. was 5% in each of liver and intestine of broilers, and 1.66% in gizzard of broilers; and 3.33% in hand swabs of workers. The serotypes of S. Typhimurium were distributed into liver of broilers (3 out of 4, 75%) and into intestine of broilers (1 out of 4, 25%). The distribution of S. Enteritidis was 33.3% (1 out of 3) in gizzard and )66.7%, 2 out of 3) was distributed in intestine of broiler. Two isolates of S. Kentucky (100%) were distributed in hand swabs from workers. The peak resistance (100%) of 9 Salmonella isolates was found to each of chloramphenicol and ampicillin followed by a highest resistance (88.8%) to doxycycline The profile of each S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis isolates from broiler chicken reached the peak resistance (100%) for ampicillin, chloramphenicol and doxycycline The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella isolates was ranged from 0.23 to 0.54 with an average of 0.34. The blaTEM, tetA(A) and floR genes were identified with similar distribution percentage of 66.7% in S. Typhimurium isolates from liver. all isolates of S. Enteritidis from gizzard, S. Typhimurium from intestine, S. Enteritidis from intestine and S. Kentucky from hand swabs harbored similar distribution percentage (100%) for each blaTEM, tetA(A) and floR gene. Further studies are required to predict biological tools such as bacteriophages during poultry production to minimize entry of multidrug resistant (MDR) salmonellae from broiler chicken to human food chain.