The rapid method for predicting palm kernel cake quality with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was investigated. Chemical tests for moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, total digestible nutrients (TDN), nitrogen free extract (NFE), metabolisable energy (ME), calcium and phosphorous were time
consuming and involve high cost. This technology can save considerable time by testing all the parameters simultaneously;
however accurate calibration of the equipment is essential. Near infrared (NIR) partial least square (PLS) regression models for determination of several palm kernel cake quality parameters were
developed from NIRFlex Model N-500 (Buchi). In general, reliable prediction results were obtained for the TDN (SEP = 0.85 r2 = 0.99), NFE (SEP = 0.42 r2 = 0.97) and crude protein (SEP = 0.57 r2 = 0.98)
PLS regression models.

The small ruminant industry in Malaysia is plagued by several significant problems related to health and management. Due to the hot, wet tropical climate, parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases are rampant and conveniently spread and enhanced by poor management. The Veterinary Research Institute has initiated a working group to
identify and control critical diseases in small ruminants as an educational cum advisory programme for farmers on the lower economic rung so that productivity and profits may be heightened. Farms are attended to base on the complaint of high mortality and morbidity, whereby a complete and holistic approach to disease control is taken. All the farms sampled were in the vicinity of the laboratory
that is within 150 km radius. Samples collected were faeces, blood (serum and whole blood) and nasal swabs as well as water and feed samples. A questionnaire on the management practices as well as
history of the farm was recorded. Tests on all samples were conducted according to routine procedures. Results from this study
on 7 farms involving 175 goats and sheep revealed that the common parasitic diseases encountered are helminthiasis, coccidiosis and blood protozoans. More than 80% of the animals showed strongyle and coccidial infections. The prominent bacterial infections are Caseous Lymphadenitis (34.3%), Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis), Leptospirosis (1.7%), Melliodosis and QFever whereas the viral diseases are Caprine Arthiritis Encephalitis (1.1%) and Blue Tongue (15.4%). Early detection for these diseases is critical so that production losses can be minimised. Poor nutrition and hygiene is a contributing factor for the high incidence of disease in small
ruminants. Farmer awareness on latest farming methods and services provided also contributes to general wellbeing of animals. One of the outcomes of this programme is to create awareness and getting farmers to be independent and confident in problem solving with regards to management and disease in their herds.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the
effectiveness of Neem leaf extracts, Azaridachta indica, an indigenous medicinal plant, against helminths of goats. Two extracts were prepared with distilled water using two different techniques; that is, the Neem leaves Water Extract (NLWE) and decoction of Neem
leaves(NLD). This study was carried out using 20 goats from a government farm in Perak. The two extracts showed variable degrees of efficacy in naturally infected goats, as measured by faecal egg count. Further evaluation is required to establish the efficacy.

<p>Isolados do vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) detectados em amostras de soro sanguíneo de dois animais persistentemente infectados (PI), identificados num rebanho bovino localizado na região sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, foram submetidos à caracterização genética através do sequenciamento parcial de nucleotídeos da região 5’UTR do genoma viral. Os isolados foram caracterizados como pertencentes ao genótipo BVDV-1, subgenótipo BVDV-1b. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem o BVDV-1b como um agente de importância na ocorrência da diarreia viral bovina (BVD) nos rebanhos da região. Ademais, a caracterização genotípica dos isolados do BVDV contribui para a melhor compreensão da epidemiologia da enfermidade, pois a variabilidade genética do BVDV interfere nos testes sorológicos e também possui implicações na utilização de vacinas, cuja maioria é produzida apenas com estirpes de referência do BVDV, requerendo, portanto, investigações sobre a diversidade genética do BVDV existente no Brasil para o aprimoramento das medidas de prevenção e controle da enfermidade no país.</p> | Isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) detected in serum samples of two persistently infected animals (PI) identified in a herd located in the southern state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, underwent genetic characterization trough partial nucleotide sequencing and analysis of the 5’ Untranslated Region (5’UTR) of the viral genome. The isolates were characterized as belonging to genotype BVDV-1, subgenotype BVDV-1b. The results of this study suggest BVDV-1b as an agent of importance in the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in the herds of the region. Moreover, the genotypic characterization of isolates of BVDV helps to better understand the epidemiology of the disease, as the genetic variability of BVDV interferes in the serological tests and has implications for the use of vaccines, whose majority is produced only with reference strains of BVDV. Therefore, the investigation on the genetic diversity of BVDV existing in Brazil is required for the improvement of the disease prevention and control measures

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