The present study aimed to investigate the protective role of clomiphene citrate on biochemical effects which may result from atrazine exposure. Thirty adult male rats were used, divided randomly and equally into control group, atrazine 50 mg /kg group ,atrazine (ATZ) 50 mg /kg and different doses of clomiphene citrate(CC) 0.5 mg / kg, 0.6 mg / kg and 0.7 mg / kg daily for 30 days. The results showed that serum biochemical affected negatively by atrazine exposure. The atrazine exposure caused a significant elevation in serum total cholesterol , triglycerides ,LDL-C , VLDL-C ,AST , ALT , and creatinine in addition to decrease HDL-C . The CC treatment( 0.6 and 0.7 mg / kg) seems to increase significantly HDL-C and reduced serum total cholesterol , triglyceride ,LDL-C and VLDL-C . Liver and kidney functions were improved by reducing serum AST , ALT and creatinine . The response to the dose of (0.5 mg / kg ) of CC was fluctuating between having positive impacts by reducing significantly the AST , ALT or being ineffective in all lipids profile and serum creatinine

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the drenching ethanolic extract of Chamomile and licorice at a dose of (100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg ) respectively in treating gastric ulcer induced by aspirin in rabbits. The study included the effect of drenching the ethanolic extract of both plants on the gastric ulcer index ,gastric juice pH, and volume of gastric fluid as well as curative ratio. Results revealed that treatment with cemitidine and Chamomile or licorice or their combination was associated with significant(p

This study shows the effects of Testosterone hormone on uterus tissue in female mice. We used twenty laboratory mice (Ten animals for each group). The first groups used as a control by using physiological saline (0.9%) concentration. The second groups were taken the 10mg/kg for 28 days. Biopsy was taken from the animals to examine their tissue histopathologically, Results were seen in uterus form of degradation in Endometerium and bleeding .Deteriorate in epithelial tissue and infiltration in inflammatory cells .

study was conducted to evaluate the usage of dexamethasone (Dx) in the treatment of liver function tests in experimental paraquat (PQ)- induced oxidative stress in male albino rats. Three groups of rats were subjected to this trial, control, PQ group (50 mg/ kg orally) and PQ with Dx (50 mg/ kg orally, 4 mg/ kg ip. Respectively)daily throughout the 15 days. Results revealed that treatment with PQ caused a mortality rate in a ratio of 30%,significantly increased (p≤0.05) of glucose, cholesterol, bilirubin concentrations and alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and amylase activities but the concentrations of both triglycerides and serum proteins were reduced compared with control whereas the treatment of PQ- treated rats with Dx decreased mortality rate (30%) and corrected the activity of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase enzymes whereas Dx treatment induced an elevation in amylase activityin addition to the elevation of concentrations of total cholesterol, total protein and albumin in comparison with values of PQ- treated rats, Dx did not affect the concentration of glucose. In conclusion, the treatment of PQ- induced toxicity with Dx in rats was efficient in correction of most liver function tests.

A first case was reported of cutaneous myiasis by old world screw worm Chrysomya bezziana in camels in Basra province south of Iraq in 2006. Camels were brought from Al-Zubair city and then to Basra marshes. Many larvae were isolated from injury in the knee and thigh region which exposed to stress during transportation. Larvae was sent to a laboratory which classified to belong Diptera- Chrysomya bezziana (OWS). The animal was treated by using ammonia 36% , iodine , and antibiotic as spray locally, after that the animal take a rest and the healing occur within three days of treatment. This case considers as the first case report of myiasis by chrysomyia bezziana in camel at Basra province south of Iraq.

The present work aimed to study the pathogenicity of Archanobacterium pyogenes by using one day old chicks and chicken Embryonated eggs .The chicks were given the bacteria(4.2x108 CFU/ml) by orally administration and intrapertoneal injection, while the Embryonated eggs inoculated into allontoic sac at 12 days of incubation. The chicks were show dullness, decrease in food intake and nervous sings, most chicks were died after 2-3 days, and the bacteria were re-isolated from internal organs, and yolk sac. The inoculation of Embryonated chicken eggs resulting in embryonicdeath, reduce hatchery percentage and deformity of embryo. The study showed that A. pyogenesisvirulence to both chicken Embryonated eggs and one day old chicks.

Zambia has been experiencing low livestock productivity as well as trade restrictions owing to the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (CBPP). Foot-and-mouth disease was first recorded in Zambia in 1933 in the Western Province and since then the country has experienced repeated outbreaks. Bearing in mind the pressure that may be existing on the many risk factors for FMD including climate change, there is need to review our knowledge on FMD control. We present the spatial distribution of the FMD outbreaks that have been recorded in Zambia in the last twenty years, and the effect of the vaccinations and movement control that have been applied. We propose further strain characterisation of previous FMD outbreaks, including full sequence of VP1 gene and the 5’UTR site. The data will be geo-coded and populated with risk factor attributes. We also present preliminary findings of the buffalo and cattle probang sampling that was conducted in Lochnivar and Kafue National Park. We further probang sampled 25 buffalo at each interface area in Sioma Ngwezi, Lukusuzi and Lower Zambezi national parks. Villages in close proximity to the buffalo populations as well as those not in close proximity will be multistage cluster sampled for comparison. The data will be geo-coded and populated with risk factor and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) characterisation attributes. Data collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire will be geo-coded and populated with identified risk factors and stored in a database and will be spatially modelled to determine their effect on FMD occurrence and control measures. New outbreaks of FMD that may occur will be investigated to find out if there are new strains involved, species affected and predisposing risk factors. The authors conclude that impacts of FMD on livelihoods if appropriate control measures are not put in place are far more devastating especially at community level. Presented with the current poverty levels failure to institute result oriented control measures will exacerbate the already life-threatening situation.

Relatively high prevalence of HIV and AIDS and food insecurity in Rufiji District whilst the linkage between the two problems was not known was the basis of this study. Data were collected amongst 225 households between November 2005 and October 2006 through participatory rural appraisal (PRA), household income and expenditure survey (HIES) and structured interviews. Binary logistic regression was used for analysis in which case the dependent variable was food security in terms of food insecure (0) and food secure (1) based on kilocalories consumed per adult equivalent per day. The independent variables included having been affected by HIV and AIDS in terms of not affected (0) and affected (1). The results reveal that the odds for households affected by HIV and AIDS to be food secure were 0.705 times as high as the odds for households not affected by HIV and AIDS to be food secure. This means that households affected by HIV and AIDS were less likely to be food secure as opposed to those not affected by HIV and AIDS. The B statistic for having been affected by HIV and AIDS was negative (B = -0.350) meaning that being affected by HIV and AIDS had negative impact on food security. However, the Wald statistic which shows the magnitude of impact was small (0.251) and not significant (p = 0.617). This shows that HIV and AIDS had little impact on food security. Based on these findings, it is concluded that although being affected by HIV and AIDS has negative impact on food security, it does not automatically make households food insecure, especially in a short run, and that some non-HIV and AIDS factors like high dependency ratio and low ability to buy food have bigger negative impact than that of HIV and AIDS on food security. On the basis of the conclusion, it is recommended that efforts to improve food security amongst households affected by HIV and AIDS should consider both HIV and AIDS and non-HIV and AIDS factors.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in five provinces and 11 districts of Zambia to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease in Zambian backyard chicken flocks. Of the chickens sampled, 73.9% tested positive for avian paramyxovirus type 1 antibodies by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroprevalence varied amongst the five provinces sampled, ranging from 82.6% in the Eastern Province to 48.3% in Luapula Province. Seroprevalence also varied amongst the 11 districts sampled, ranging from 91.3% in Monze district of Southern Province to 22.8% in Mufulira district of the Copperbelt province. Overall, the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease in Zambian backyard chicken flocks has increased since the previous study conducted in 1994.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis in urban Harare and five selected rural communities in Zimbabwe and to assess public awareness of the disease. Sera from randomly selected dogs were tested for antibodies to the serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona of <em>Leptospira interrogans</em> using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical chemistry was performed on all seropositive and selected seronegative sera to screen for hepatic and renal insufficiency. A questionnaire- based survey was conducted in Harare to assess dog owners’ awareness of leptospirosis and other zoonoses. Overall, 15.6% of sera samples tested (39 out of 250; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.0% – 20.2%) were positive for leptospiral antibodies. A significantly higher (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) seroprevalence was recorded in urban dogs than in rural dogs (25% vs. 11.2%). No significant difference in seroprevalence was observed amongst dogs from different rural communities or between sexes of dogs. There was a significant association between seropositivity and hepatic and/or renal insufficiency (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01), with dogs having hepatic and/or renal insufficiency being approximately twice as likely to be seropositive (relative risk = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.3–3.0). Of the dog owners, 78.8% (119/151) were aware of zoonoses. Except for rabies (92.4%), awareness of leptospirosis (5.0%) and other zoonoses amongst these owners was low. This study showed that leptospirosis was present and represented a risk to dogs from urban Harare and the selected rural communities in Zimbabwe. Availing training programmes for dog owners would be beneficial in improving disease control and reducing the public health risk of pet zoonoses.