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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PULMONARY LESIONS IN THE LUNGS OF WATER BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis) IN THE ABATTOIR OF BASRAH PROVINCE IN SOUTHERN IRAQI Texte intégral
2020
Tahssin S. Chayed | Methaq A. Abd Alsamad
Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is one of the important animals in Iraq becauseof its great economic value and historical symbolism, which reflects the history and thecivilisation epoch of Mesopotamia. This study has focused on the macroscopic lesionsthat appear on the lungs of the water buffaloes with also an examination of thesespecimens microscopically, which reflect the extent of pulmonary disease among theseanimals, which form significant economic losses. This study was conducted in theabattoir of Basrah province, south of Iraq, from October 2019 until February 2020.Samples of 120 affected lungs (23.21%) of different macroscopic lesions were obtainedof the total 517 water buffaloes. The microscopic lesions were divided into the following:bronchopneumonia 29 cases (24.17%) (Suppurative bronchopneumonias 14 cases(48.28% out of 29) and fibrinous bronchopneumonias 15 cases (51.72%). The interstitialpneumonia was 33 cases (27.5%)(Acute Interstitial pneumonia 21 cases (63.64% out of33) and chronic interstitial pneumonia was 12 cases (36.36%), granulomatous pneumonia5 cases (4.17%), emphysema 18 cases (15%), atelectasis 7 cases (5.83%), oedema cases 5(4.17%), congestion 6 cases (5%), haemorrhage 11 cases (9.16%), pneumoconiosis(anthracosis) 6 cases (5%). Pneumonia in water buffalo is the most challenging conditionto treat after it has worsened. Hence, regular veterinary examination and testing is anessential step in managing the disease as it has become unreactive to therapies in the laterstage.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Genetic diversity of Ehrlichia ruminantium field strains from selected farms in South Africa Texte intégral
2020
Helena C. Steyn | Alri Pretorius
Genetic diversity of Ehrlichia ruminantium field strains from selected farms in South Africa Texte intégral
2020
Helena C. Steyn | Alri Pretorius
Heartwater is a tick-borne disease caused by the intracellular rickettsial parasite Ehrlichia ruminantium and transmitted by Amblyomma hebraeum ticks. Heartwater is problematic in endemic areas because it causes high mortality in ruminants and leads to economic losses that threaten productivity and food security. This may indicate that there is augmented genetic diversity in the field, which may result in isolates that are more virulent than the Ball3 and Welgevonden isolates. The genetic diversity of E. ruminantium was investigated in this study, focussing on the pCS20 gene region and four polymorphic open reading frames (ORFs) identified by subtractive hybridisation. The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene confirmed E. ruminantium in brain, blood and tick genomic deoxyribonucleic acid samples (n = 3792) collected from 122 farms that were randomly selected from seven provinces of South Africa where heartwater is endemic. The conserved E. ruminantium pCS20 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was used to scan all collected field samples. A total of 433 samples tested positive with the qPCR using the pCS20 gene region, of which 167 were sequenced. The known stocks and field samples were analysed, and phylogenetic trees were generated from consensus sequences. A total of 25 new clades were identified; of these, nine isolates from infected blood could be propagated in cell cultures. These clades were not geographically confined to a certain area but were distributed amongst heartwater-endemic areas in South Africa. Thus, the knowledge of strain diversity of E. ruminantium is essential for control of heartwater and provides a basis for further vaccine development.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Genetic diversity of Ehrlichia ruminantium field strains from selected farms in South Africa Texte intégral
2020
Steyn, Helena C.(Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Vaccine Development and Diagnostics) | Pretorius, Alri(Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Vaccine Development and Diagnostics)
Heartwater is a tick-borne disease caused by the intracellular rickettsial parasite Ehrlichia ruminantium and transmitted by Amblyomma hebraeum ticks. Heartwater is problematic in endemic areas because it causes high mortality in ruminants and leads to economic losses that threaten productivity and food security. This may indicate that there is augmented genetic diversity in the field, which may result in isolates that are more virulent than the Ball3 and Welgevonden isolates. The genetic diversity of E. ruminantium was investigated in this study, focussing on the pCS20 gene region and four polymorphic open reading frames (ORFs) identified by subtractive hybridisation. The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene confirmed E. ruminantium in brain, blood and tick genomic deoxyribonucleic acid samples (n = 3792) collected from 122 farms that were randomly selected from seven provinces of South Africa where heartwater is endemic. The conserved E. ruminantium pCS20 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was used to scan all collected field samples. A total of 433 samples tested positive with the qPCR using the pCS20 gene region, of which 167 were sequenced. The known stocks and field samples were analysed, and phylogenetic trees were generated from consensus sequences. A total of 25 new clades were identified; of these, nine isolates from infected blood could be propagated in cell cultures. These clades were not geographically confined to a certain area but were distributed amongst heartwater-endemic areas in South Africa. Thus, the knowledge of strain diversity of E. ruminantium is essential for control of heartwater and provides a basis for further vaccine development.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Challenges for controlling bovine tuberculosis in South Africa Texte intégral
2020
Luke F. Arnot | Anita Michel
Challenges for controlling bovine tuberculosis in South Africa Texte intégral
2020
Luke F. Arnot | Anita Michel
All effects taken together, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has a long-term detrimental effect on bovine herds and many wildlife species in South Africa. The disease is not only found in domestic cattle but also in African buffaloes and has to date been diagnosed in 21 wildlife species, including several rare and endangered species, thus having a potentially serious effect on conservation and biodiversity. In cattle, bTB is mostly characterised by sporadic outbreaks, but bovine herds chronically infected with the clinical disease are not uncommon. Presently, the recognised bTB control strategy in South Africa is based on ‘test and slaughter’, using the intradermal tuberculin test, followed by the slaughter of animals that have tested positive. Affected herds are placed under veterinary quarantine with movement restrictions until the outbreak is eradicated; this can take several years or last indefinitely if the outbreak cannot be eradicated. The same measures apply to infected buffalo populations, often with no prospect of ever being eradicated. This strategy is neither practical nor viable in the context of a communal farming system and becomes unethical when dealing with valuable wildlife reservoir hosts. Transmission of bTB between wildlife and cattle has been demonstrated and emphasises the need for an effective, affordable and culturally acceptable control strategy to curb the spread of bTB in South Africa. In countries with similar challenges, vaccination has been used and found to be promising for treating wild and domestic reservoir species and may hence be of value as a complementary tool for bTB control in South Africa.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Challenges for controlling bovine tuberculosis in South Africa Texte intégral
2020
Arnot, Luke F.(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Production Animal Studies,University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases) | Michel, Anita(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases)
All effects taken together, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has a long-term detrimental effect on bovine herds and many wildlife species in South Africa. The disease is not only found in domestic cattle but also in African buffaloes and has to date been diagnosed in 21 wildlife species, including several rare and endangered species, thus having a potentially serious effect on conservation and biodiversity. In cattle, bTB is mostly characterised by sporadic outbreaks, but bovine herds chronically infected with the clinical disease are not uncommon. Presently, the recognised bTB control strategy in South Africa is based on 'test and slaughter', using the intradermal tuberculin test, followed by the slaughter of animals that have tested positive. Affected herds are placed under veterinary quarantine with movement restrictions until the outbreak is eradicated; this can take several years or last indefinitely if the outbreak cannot be eradicated. The same measures apply to infected buffalo populations, often with no prospect of ever being eradicated. This strategy is neither practical nor viable in the context of a communal farming system and becomes unethical when dealing with valuable wildlife reservoir hosts. Transmission of bTB between wildlife and cattle has been demonstrated and emphasises the need for an effective, affordable and culturally acceptable control strategy to curb the spread of bTB in South Africa. In countries with similar challenges, vaccination has been used and found to be promising for treating wild and domestic reservoir species and may hence be of value as a complementary tool for bTB control in South Africa.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Molecular Typing of Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Soil, Healthy, and Diseased Sheep in Egypt by Multiplex PCR Texte intégral
2020
M. Nayel | A. El-Sify | S. Akram | M. Allaam | E. Abdeen | H. Hassan
In this study multiplex PCR was used for typing of Clostridium perfringens isolates from soil, clinically healthy and diseased sheep. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 41 out of 100 soil samples, 12 out of 100 clinically healthy sheep and 118 out of 200 sheep with enterotoxaemia signs. Genotyping of 41 isolates from soil indicated that 29 (70.73%) were type A, 3 (7.31%) were type B and 9 (21.95%) were type D. Of 12 isolates from clinically healthy sheep 6 (50%) were type A and 6 (50%) were type D. Of 118 isolates from diseased sheep 42 (35.59%) were type A, 22 (18.64%) were type B and 54 (45.76%) were type D. This result indicates that Clostridium perfringens type A, B and D are the main types causing enterotoxaemia in sheep in Egypt and Clostridium perfringens type A must be included in any vaccine programme to ensure optimum protection.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Characterization of Avian Influenza H9N2 and Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Vaccinated Chickens in Upper Egypt Texte intégral
2020
Safaa A. A. Abdel-Latif1 | Asmaa Atef2 | Ahmed M. A. Abdel-Aleem3 | AL-Hussien M. Dahshan4 | Ahmed Ali 4
In this study, 50 vaccinated broiler and one layer flock from Beni-Suef, Fayoum and Minia governorates were investigated. Necropsy lesions were suggestive of LPAI-H9N2 or NDV. Samples of tracheal swabs and organs were subjected for viral isolation and molecular characterization. Specific RT-PCR for the NDV F-gene and the HA gene of the LPAI-H9N2 viruses was used. Virus isolation and primary identification using HI test revealed 37.5 and 43.3-46.2% prevalence for LPAI-H9N2 and NDV viruses, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the F gene showed that NDV viruses belong to genotype II and VII-1.1. as indicated by the F0 protein proteolytic cleavage site motifs (aa112-117) of the NDV strains F-gene. The vNDV isolates were 98.7-99.3% and 96.6-98.9% identical to each other based on nucleotide and amino acid identities, respectively. Compared to their counterpart isolates; the lentogenic strains shared 98-99.2% and 96.3-98.1% nucleotide and amino acid identities to the LaSota reference strain. The LPAI-H9N2 phylogeny of the HA gene showed that the 2 isolates obtained in this study are related to each other and related to recent 2016-2018 Egyptian H9N2 strains. Notably, the 2 strains showed higher identity (≥99%) to recent Israeli 2018 isolates with several amino acid changes. The current study revealed wide spread of both NDV and LPAI-H9N2 viruses. The vaccine failure and the mismatch between the vaccine and circulating NDV viruses is the most probable cause of current outbreaks. The LPAI-H9N2 viruses are divergent form their ancestral viruses in Egypt indicating continuous circulation and vaccine pressure induced mutations
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Radiologic, Ultrasonic and pathological assessments of locally applied estrogen on promotion of experimentally induced tibial fracture healing in rats Texte intégral
2020
Kotb, M. M. A1 | Ragab, G. A.2 | Fathy, M. Z .2 | Haggag, U.2 | Nesreen. M. Safwat3
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ability of estrogen to promote induced tibial fracture healing in a rat model. The study was conducted on 14 albino rats divided into two equal groups (seven rats in each group). The first group considered as a control group. The second group was injected estradiol solution 0.1 mg/kg into the fracture gap. The progress of healing in each group was evaluated by clinical, radiography, ultrasonography and pathological examinations. The healing process was observed to be superior in the estrogen group compared to the control one. Estrogen was found to promote healing of injured bone and is suggested to be used in cases of complicated or delayed bone fracture.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Validating a non-invasive technique for monitoring physiological stress in the samango monkey Texte intégral
2020
Juan Scheun | Adrian S.W. Tordiffe | Kirsten Wimberger | Andre Ganswindt
Validating a non-invasive technique for monitoring physiological stress in the samango monkey Texte intégral
2020
Juan Scheun | Adrian S.W. Tordiffe | Kirsten Wimberger | Andre Ganswindt
The non-invasive monitoring of physiological stress can provide conservation and wildlife managers with an invaluable tool for assessing animal welfare and psychological health of captive and free-ranging populations. A significant decrease in free-ranging primate populations globally and an increase in captive-housed primates have led to a need to monitor the stress and general welfare of these animals. We examined the suitability of three enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for monitoring stress-related physiological responses in the samango monkey, Cercopithecus albogularis erythrarchus. We conducted an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge on a male and female at the National Zoological Garden, Pretoria, South Africa. Individual faecal samples were collected 8 days pre- and post-ACTH administration and subsequently analysed for faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations. During the study, biological stressors occurred for both the male and female. Two of the three EIAs tested (11-oxoetiocholanolone I and II) were able to reliably monitor fGCM alterations throughout the study period in both sexes. The 11-oxoetiocholanolone I EIA, however, had the lowest mean deviation from the calculated baseline value and was thus chosen as the preferred assay. Both the physiological activation of the stress response and the biological response to a stressor could be monitored with the chosen assay. The successful establishment of a reliable, non-invasive method for monitoring adrenocortical activity in C. albogularis erythrarchus will now allow conservationists, scientific researchers and wildlife managers to evaluate the level of stress experienced, and general welfare, by animals in captivity as well as free-ranging populations.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Validating a non-invasive technique for monitoring physiological stress in the samango monkey Texte intégral
2020
Scheun, Juan(South African National Biodiversity Institute National Zoological Garden ,University of Pretoria Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science Mammal Research Institute) | Tordiffe, Adrian S.W.(University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science Department of Paraclinical Sciences) | Wimberger, Kirsten(The Wild Bird Trust) | Ganswindt, Andre(South African National Biodiversity Institute National Zoological Garden ,University of Pretoria Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science Mammal Research Institute)
The non-invasive monitoring of physiological stress can provide conservation and wildlife managers with an invaluable tool for assessing animal welfare and psychological health of captive and free-ranging populations. A significant decrease in free-ranging primate populations globally and an increase in captive-housed primates have led to a need to monitor the stress and general welfare of these animals. We examined the suitability of three enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for monitoring stress-related physiological responses in the samango monkey, Cercopithecus albogularis erythrarchus. We conducted an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge on a male and female at the National Zoological Garden, Pretoria, South Africa. Individual faecal samples were collected 8 days pre- and post-ACTH administration and subsequently analysed for faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations. During the study, biological stressors occurred for both the male and female. Two of the three EIAs tested (11-oxoetiocholanolone I and II) were able to reliably monitor fGCM alterations throughout the study period in both sexes. The 11-oxoetiocholanolone I EIA, however, had the lowest mean deviation from the calculated baseline value and was thus chosen as the preferred assay. Both the physiological activation of the stress response and the biological response to a stressor could be monitored with the chosen assay. The successful establishment of a reliable, non-invasive method for monitoring adrenocortical activity in C. albogularis erythrarchus will now allow conservationists, scientific researchers and wildlife managers to evaluate the level of stress experienced, and general welfare, by animals in captivity as well as free-ranging populations.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]A report on the housing vervet monkeys adjacent to domestic cats as a means of environmental enrichment Texte intégral
2020
John K. Chipangura | Andre Ganswindt | Vinny Naidoo
A report on the housing vervet monkeys adjacent to domestic cats as a means of environmental enrichment Texte intégral
2020
John K. Chipangura | Andre Ganswindt | Vinny Naidoo
In current research guidelines, much focus is placed on ethical management of animals and the application of principles of reduction, refinement and replacement. Of these refinements through environmental enrichment is an important aspect when housing primate to prevent behavioural problems. In this study, we investigated the co-housing of domestic cats and vervet monkeys as a novel method of enrichment based on the cohabitation and stress alleviation effect of horses housed with goats and from seeing cats cohabitating with vervet monkeys in an animal sanctuary. The study used a habituation method whereby the cats were stepwise introduced to the monkeys by sight and smell but with physical separation. Assessment included changes in behaviour, weight and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations over time. On the first day of housing, the vervets whilst inquisitive kept their distance. The vervets housed in cages that were closest to the cats were the most active and during the first minute of introduction made more alarm calls, which stopped a few days later. The fGCMs were non-significantly different. The results of this study provide evidence that vervet monkeys and domestic cats could potentially be housed together without overt aggression. We thus suggest further observations to ascertain if the co-housing could have long-term benefits for vervet monkeys, from the companionship that would be offered by the cats.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Zoonotic origins and animal hosts of coronaviruses causing human disease pandemics: A review Texte intégral
2020
Abdalla A. Latif | Samson Mukaratirwa
The first known severe disease caused by a coronavirus (CoV) in humans emerged with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in China, which killed 774 people during its 2002/2003 outbreak. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was the second human fatal disease, which started in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and resulted in 858 fatalities. In December 2019, a new virus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), originating from China, began generating headlines worldwide because of the unprecedented speed of its transmission; 5.2 million people were infected and 338 480 had been reported dead from December 2019 to May 2020. These human coronaviruses are believed to have an animal origin and had reached humans through species jump. Coronaviruses are well known for their high frequency of recombination and high mutation rates, allowing them to adapt to new hosts and ecological niches. This review summarises existing information on what is currently known on the role of wild and domesticated animals and discussions on whether they are the natural reservoir/amplifiers hosts or incidental hosts of CoVs. Results of experimental infection and transmission using different wild, domesticated and pet animals are also reviewed. The need for a One Health approach in implementing measures and practices is highlighted to improve human health and reduce the emergence of pandemics from these zoonotic viruses.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in pneumonic lungs from apparently healthy sheep and goats slaughtered at Al-Hasaheisa slaughterhouse, Gezira state, central Sudan Texte intégral
2020
Alaa E.M. Alhussain | Nahid A.S. Abdalla | Sana I. Mohammed | Mihad Hakeem | Ihsan H. Ahmed | Nussieba A. Osman
The study aimed to investigate the presence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in pneumonic lung tissues from clinically apparently healthy sheep and goats and further demonstrating its prevalence in Gezira state, central Sudan. During March 2019, 99 pneumonic lung samples were collected from apparently healthy sheep (80) and goats (19) from Al-Hasaheisa slaughterhouse located in Al-Hasaheisa locality, Gezira state. Using the haemagglutination (HA) test for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antigen, an overall antigenic prevalence of 86.9% was demonstrated in sheep and goats lung tissue homogenate. Of note, the prevalence of PPRV is higher in goats (100%) compared to sheep (83.7%). In this study, the reported increasing prevalence of PPR in central Sudan might be because of insufficient vaccination of animals. The findings of the present study indicated the widespread of PPR amongst sheep and goats in Al-Hasaheisa, Gezira state. Detection of PPRV antigen in the pneumonic lung samples is an indication of exposure of these animals to PPRV or presence of PPR viral infection and demonstrates the role of PPR as the cause of pneumonia in small ruminants. In fact, the circulation of the virus in clinically apparently healthy animals poses a threat for other in-contact susceptible animals and could play a significant role in the spread of the disease.
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