In an attempt to evaluate the possible role of Eimeria stiedae infection on rabbit vaccinatedwith haemorrhagic septicaemia oil adjuvant vaccine, a total of 60 New-Zealand rabbits weredivided into 6 groups (A- F). The first four groups subdivided into two subgroups. The subgroups(A1, A2) vaccinated and infected at time of 1st dose of vaccine, subgroup (B1, B2) vaccinated andinfected at 2 weeks post 1st vaccination, subgroup (C1, C2) which vaccinated and infected at thetime of 2nd dose of vaccination, finally subgroup (D1, D2) vaccinated and infected at 2 weeks post2nd dose of vaccine. Group E vaccinated only but the group F left as non vaccinated non infected(control). The results revealed that E. stiedae infection at the time or after 2 weeks from first orsecond dose of vaccination (A1, B1, C1 and D1) and treated with semduramycine 150 showed slightdecrease of the antibody titer in contrast the untreated group (A2, B2, C2 and D2) showed suddendecrease of P. multocida antibody titer measured by indirect haemagglutination and ELISA test.Vaccinated group (E) was the superior one showing the highest antibody titer. The challenge test ofall rabbit groups with virulent P. multocida revealed a protective percent of 83.4%, 50%, 100%and 0 % in treated, untreated, vaccinated and control group respectively, but subgroups C2, D2the protective value was 33.4% this due to challenge concurrency post or at the time of infection.These findings reflect the important to avoid coccidial infection following vaccination programs toobtain better immune response to haemorrhagic septicaemia oil adjuvant pasteurellosis vaccineand high level of protection.

The pharmacokinetic aspects of cephradine were studied after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and oral administration of a single dose of 50 mg kg-1 b.wt. in chickens. Tissue distribution and residues of cephradine after repeated oral administration for 5 consecutive days were also estimated. After IV injection of cephradine in a dose of 50 mg kg-1 b.wt., the serum concentration time curves were best described by a two compartment-open model. The drug was rapidly distributed with a distribution half-life (t0.5(α)) of 0.120 h and apparent volume of distribution (Vdss) was 2.187 L kg-1. The drug was rapidly eliminated with a half-life of elimination (t0.5(β)) of 1.047 h and the body clearance (ClB) was 2.35 L kg-1 h-1. The drug was rapidly absorbed after IM, SC and oral administration as indicated by short half-lives of absorption (t0.5(ab)) of 0.154, 0.364 and 0.65 h., respectively. While the elimination half-lives (t0.5(el)) and systemic bioavailabilities were 0.859, 2.652, 1.74 h and 59.386, 84.5, 97.97 %, respectively. Repeated oral administration of cephradine (50 mg kg-1 b.wt twice daily) for 5 consecutive days caused no change in serum enzyme activities of ALT and AST but induced a significant increase in serum uric acid concentration at 72 to 120 hours post administration.

Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) is one of the most important causative agents of enzootic abortion which has been caused a serious economic problem in domesticated and wild ruminants world wide. This study was aimed to diagnose C. abortus infection in aborted goats in Ras Suder Research Station (South Sinai) - Desert Research Center from 2004-2006. Twenty aborted cases from 130 pregnant nannies were recorded and examined serologically using complement fixation test (CFT). Eighty percent (16/20) of the aborted cases were serologically positive and 20% (4/20) randomly collected from apparently healthy pregnant nannies were also had antibodies against C. abortus. Pathological lesions were detected. Ten aborted fetal samples from serologically positive aborted nannies were subjected to diagnosis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) showed positive results at 119 bp. According to this result, PCR proved to be feasible, reliable, specific and sensitive diagnostic tool in diagnosis of C. abortus infection.

The physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of water in fish ponds were investigated with a view to optimize the conditions for fish productivity by using three private fish farms with different water supplies. Water and fish samples were collected equally from each pond over a period of 17 months. Water temp., Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, and bacterial count were determined. The average values of bacterial, parasitic, survival and growth rates of fish were also assessed. Results revealed that pond water in farm (III) had the highest averages of temperature nitrite, nitrate 31.8±1.5, 8.18± 0.9, 0.41 ± 0.06 , 3.79 ± 0.6 resp., with the least content of DO 3.6 ± 0.7 followed by farm (II),which had also the highest mean values of NH3 - N, total coliform and fecal coliforms were 3.15±0.65, 59.0 & 18.5 followed by ponds of farm (III), while, the lowest averages of estimated parameters were recorded in farm (I).Correspondingly, fish samples of farm (III) showed the highest level of total bacterial, coliform, fecal coliform count and parasitic infestation; were 42.5±5.4, 29.6±3.6 , 11.3±3.1 and 31.15% respectively, followed by fish of farm(II) 29.75±3.5, 11.5±3.3, 7.4±1.1 and 10.8 % respectively, Meanwhile, fish in farm (I) showed the lowest value of both bacterial contents with no parasitic infestation which explain the highest percentages of daily weight gain & survival rates 35.2±4.4 gm. & 97.0 ±1.6 % respectively. Throughout study period compared with those in farms (III & II) respectively, resulting from poor water quality & parasitic infestation which acts as stressors affecting fish health and productivity. Therefore, fish productivity can be enhanced if the water quality in the ponds were maintained at optimum levels.

The effect of diethyl aminoethyl (DEAE) dextran on the infectivity titre of sheep pox virus (SPV) was studied with different concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100 μg/ml) of DEAE-dextran on Vero cell culture. It was found that 25 and 50μg/ml were not toxic. The same concentrations were used with sheep pox virus inoculum showing that the best virus titre (106.3 TCID50/ml) reached with the use of 25μg/ml DEAE-dextran after 10 passages. The enhanced viral fluid was tested in-vivo, by vaccination of susceptible lambs and challenge of them with the virulent sheep pox virus. These lambs showed complete protection against the disease. The SP neutralizing antibody indices (NI) were estimated in the collected serum samples post vaccination and challenge; confirmed that 25μg of DEAE-dextran/ml virus-inoculum induced an increase in neutralizing antibodies in comparison with those induced by currently used sheep pox vaccine.

Freshwater snails collected from ditch like ponds near the River Nile in Beni-Suef Governorate during three climatically differed periods. Lymnaea cailliaudi, Biomphalaria alexandarina, Bulinus truncatus, Lanistes carinatus, Cleopatra bulimoids,Physa acuta, Viviparus viviparus, Melania tuberclata and Bivalves species were included. The total number of collected snails in December 2008, March 2009 and July 2009 were 1321, 1370 and 1211 respectively, with larger number in March than in July or December due to optimal climatic conditions in Marsh for most of collected snails. The recorded survival longevity in the laboratory was more than 90 days for Lymnaea cailliaudi, two months for Lanistes carinatus, while in Melania tuberclata, was about three weeks but only two to three days for Bivalves. Cercariae shedding observed from Lymnaea, Lanistes and Biomphalaria species beside stylet cecariae from Lymnaea and Lanistes snails, also rediae and sporocysts were found in crushed snails in all periods of collections with little difference between these periods, about 14% of crushed Lymnaea were containing rediae. Aquatic insects and their larvae were found especially water bug Sphaerodema sp. found predating snails or their eggs, also the mature insect still alive in the breeding container all over the period of the experiment more than three months. Culex larvae attacked egg masses of the snails, estacosa predated the snails while Telapia nilotica fishes showed low affinity to predate such snails. The oleo-gum resin Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) in the concentration of 0. 5gm/1 litre water killed 90 % of the exposed snails after 72 hours.

A total of 165 cows, 19 buffaloes, 192 sheep and 118 goats were examined for detection of Mycoplasma mastitis. The results revealed that 114 (69.59%) and 6 (31.57%) were clinically mastitic cows and buffaloes respectively while 51 (30.9%) and 13 (68.42%) were apparently healthy cows and buffaloes respectively. On examining the apparently healthy cows and buffaloes, 67 (32.84%) and 18 (34.61%) were subclinically mastitic cows and buffaloes respectively. Mycoplasmas were isolated in percentages of 8.9%, 5.5% from subclinically mastitic cows and buffaloes respectively and in percentages of 12.97%, 12.5% from clinically mastitic cows and buffaloes respectively. M. bovis was isolated from 8 (32%) and M. bovigenitalium from 7 (28%) and 10 (40%) unidentified Mycoplasma. Isolation of Mycoplasma from udder tissue in cows and buffaloes were in a percentage of 28.5% in cows while no Mycoplasma isolates were obtained from buffaloes' udder tissues. Application of PCR technique on these isolates and some of the negative samples was positive 100%. On the other hand, the results revealed that 82 of 192 (42.7%) and 43 of 118 (36.44) of the examined sheep and goats respectively were clinically mastitic. Isolation of Mycoplasma was from 11 (13.41%) and 17 (39.53%) of the examined sheep and goat respectively. Identification of these isolates revealed 8 (29%) M. agalactiae isolates and 20 (71%) unidentified Mycoplasma spp. Application of PCR technique on traditionally identified M. agalactiae isolates revealed negative results on using M. agalactiae specific primer while positive results were obtained for the same 8 isolates (100%) on using M. bovis specific primer.

Four groups of one-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with the four IBV variants at 1 day old to study the virulence of these isolates. The results at 2 weeks post infection (PI) revealed that all isolates were able to induce serological resposne postinfection, respiratory distress and depression. 20% and 100% mortalities were recorded with isolates 4 and 23; respectively. Assessment of pathogenicity index and pathotyping (at the end of observation period “2wk-PI”), categorized the 4 tested isoaltes (4, 16,18, 23) into three isoaltes of high virulence (4, 18 and 23), and one isolate of intermediate virulence (16). About 50% reduction in body weight was recorded with the four IBV isolates 2 wk PI. Kidney lesions were nephritis-nephrosis with urate deposition in ureters, while microscopic lesions were associated with increase in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Tracheal lesions recorded as increase the amount of mucin, while microscopic lesions were edema of mucosa and inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The regime of administering the infectious bronchitis (IB) live commercial H120 vaccine at 1 day old SPF chicks, and the heterologous challenge with four variants (serotypes) at 4 weeks of age, was found to be poorly effective in protecting the respiratory tract of SPF chickens with protection percentages of 8.1%, 55%, 10.5% and 12.6% corresponding to field isolates of IBV 4, 16, 18 and 23; respectively. Protection was measured by assessing ciliary activity of the tracheal epithelium following challenge. It is suggested that the use of the live IB-H120 vaccine will not always broaden the protection against challenge with IB multiple serotypes isolated from Egypt. Therefore it is necessary to develop a new IB vaccines, either locally prepared or imported to overcome any new IB serotype that were emerged, through modifying vaccination strategies to make them appropriate to the field situation.

Fifteen samples of fish fillets were collected from different Egyptian markets to detect the residues of some heavy metals in them. The average weights of fish fillets samples were 250g. The samples were separately packed in polyethylene bag and sent to the laboratory for preparation and analysis. All equipment surfaces and utensils which used in this study were thoroughly cleaned with detergent, rinsed with water, dried and then rinsed with 2-propanol solution. The samples were stored at –2C prior to analysis. The mean levels of lead and cadmium in fish fillets collected from the Egyptian markets were 1.51  0.34 and 0.60 0.0.25 mg/kg; respectively. The concentration of lead in fish muscle were less than the permissible heavy metal limit in fish meat (2.0 mg kg) as stated by the World Health Organization, also these results were in line with the corresponding EU regulations. However the level of cadmium concentration was over than the heavy metal limits in fish meat (0.5 mg/kg) for the World Health Organization.

A total of one hundred meat products samples; 20 each of camel's minced meat, burger, rice kofta, frankfurter and luncheon were collected from different supermarkets at Cairo and Giza Cities. All samples were exposed to bacteriological examination and showed that the mean values of aerobic plate count, psychrophiles, coli forms, fecal coli forms, S. aureus, and B. cereus in examined camel's minced meat, burger and rice kofta were higher than luncheon and frankfurter. E. coli, Salmonellae, S. aureus and B. cereus, L. monocytogenes were isolated from examined camel's meat products by different percent. The public health significance of the isolated microorganisms as well as suggestions for improving the quality of the camel meat products were discussed.