In this study, we aimed to assess the protective capacity of the eggshell against radiation and the impact of ionizing radiation on the embryonic development process in quail eggs exposed to varying doses of radiation during incubation. A total of 740 quail eggs were divided into six groups, each exposed to different doses of ionizing radiation. Throughout the incubation period, we monitored hatching rates and examined hatched chicks for potential pathologies. Additionally, over six months, we conducted routine weekly examinations and observed the sexual activity of mature quails. At the study's conclusion, clinical pathology was not observed, and there were no mass mortalities. Quails whose laying activities were monitored exhibited normal sexual behavior. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in hatching rates among the main study groups (p<0.001). Specifically, Group VI, exposed to the highest levels of X-rays, exhibited significantly lower hatching rates compared to Groups I and V (p<0.001). These findings suggest that the quail eggshell provides some protection against ionizing radiation, as evidenced by the absence of anomalies and the high hatching rates observed in the chicks.

The concept of hygiene has become more important today due to pandemic infections. Many products on the market have been licensed, but whose antibacterial effectiveness has not been checked later. For this reason, the study aimed to determine the antibacterial activities of surface disinfectants available in the market for public and personal use, based on the international standard. Eight different surface disinfectants, licensed from the authority and for public and personal use, were collected and processed without any dilution (100%). In the study, standard strains Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 10536), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeroginosa) (ATCC 15442) were used. Exposure conditions; it was done for 5 minutes and under clean conditions (0.3 g/L bovine albumin solution) at room temperature (22-24℃). It was determined that the eight surface disinfectants included in the study showed different levels of antibacterial activity. When the logarithm differences and antibacterial activities of surface disinfectants are examined as percentages; while the logarithm difference of three disinfectants against the three bacteria examined was ≥ 5; the logarithm difference of five disinfectants against two bacteria is ≥ 5; the percentage of those effective against all three bacteria was 37.5%; the percentage of those effective against both bacteria was found to be 62.5%. Due to the improprieties detected in the antibacterial activities of the surface disinfectants examined, when their antibacterial activities are examined, although they are licensed, it is seen that the products do not provide the specified antibacterial activity. The selection of disinfectants used to neutralize bacteria that cause infections, the determination of their antibacterial activities, and the sustainability of the determined antibacterial activity are of great importance. For this reason, it is necessary to check the antibacterial activities of disinfectants even after the registration stage and to select disinfectants according to their effectiveness to prevent infections.

The aim of this study was to report the contribution of different antiseptics to clinical improvement during intravesical lavage in cats with urethral obstruction problems. Urethral obstruction (UO) is a problem mostly encountered in male cats, requiring urgent intervention with a high success rate in the inferior urinary system. A total of 42 cats of different breeds and ages were evaluated, and the first medical treatment was applied, but no urine output was detected. All cases were randomly divided into 3 different groups and one-time intravesical lavage was performed with different fluids: GI (0.9% saline), GII (Dimethyl sulphoxide) and GIII (lugol’s solution). The controls performed on the 7th, 14th, and 30th days of the study showed similar results in all cases, and no statistically significant difference was determined. As a result, it was concluded that lugol’s solution can be used as a new alternative to DMSO antiseptic, which is the only agent approved for treatment by the US Food and Drug Administration, when performing intravesical lavage in cats with urethral obstruction.

Infections with Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 can lead to severe health complications. This pathogen is commonly found in contaminated meat and fresh produce, posing significant public health risks. The Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) method offers a rapid and accessible alternative to conventional nucleic acid amplification techniques, making it particularly suitable for on-site diagnostic systems. This study aimed to design a quick method using LAMP to detect the rfbE gene of E. coli O157:H7. E. coli ATCC 43888 was used as the positive control, while Candida albicans ATCC 10231, E. coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 served as negative controls. Positive and negative controls were tested 10 times each for both analyses. Following DNA isolation, real-time PCR and LAMP were performed and compared with culture methods. For the positive control strain (E. coli ATCC 43888) at 10 CFU/mL, positivity was detected in 8 out of 10 samples by real-time PCR and in 7 out of 10 samples by LAMP. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of LAMP and real-time PCR were 95.00%–96.67%, 100%–100%, 94.34%–96.15%, and 100%–100%, respectively. In conclusion, our study successfully developed a rfbE gene-specific LAMP kit for E. coli O157, demonstrating comparable sensitivity and specificity to real-time PCR and culture methods. This kit can be effectively utilized in resource-limited settings.

Ruminal acidosis is a metabolic disorder that affects ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and goats, due to a pH imbalance in the rumen. The rumen has a diverse population of microorganisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism, with anaerobic microorganisms in the rumen and cecum playing a crucial role. During healthy rumen metabolism, microbial fermentation produces volatile fatty acids, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. Excessive intake of feeds with high soluble carbohydrate content can cause ruminal acidosis by altering the ratio of volatile fatty acids produced through microbial fermentation, which in turn changes the rumen pH. Acidosis is defined as a decrease in the alkalinity of body fluids relative to their acid content. The pH of body fluids may or may not decrease during acidosis, depending on the degree of bicarbonate compensation. Impaired central nervous system function can occur even if blood pH remains stable due to low bicarbonate concentrations, which are buffered by bicarbonate. While a blood pH below 7.35 is required for a clinical diagnosis of acidosis, other clinical signs such as ruminal pH, anorexia, variable feed intake, diarrhea, and lethargy are commonly used to diagnose acidosis in beef cattle.

Curcuma longa rhizome is the source of turmeric. Curcumin exhibits some encouraging antiparasitic properties in helminths. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of curcumin in Toxocara canis eggs in vitro. Curcumin dilutions (36.8 mg/ml, 18.4 mg/ml and 3.6 mg/ml) were prepared by adding RPMI-1640. The eggs and hatched infective-stage larvae were incubated with curcumin dilutions for 6, 12 or 24 hours. The ovicidal activity was evaluated after 28 days. Larvicidal activity was assessed after completing each incubation time. In the present study, no changes in the eggshell structure were observed in all curcumin groups. The lowest embryogenesis rate (75%) was observed only at the highest curcumin dilution (36.8 mg/ml) at the 12- and 24-hour incubations, but the difference was not found statistically significant. No significant larvicidal effect of curcumin was detected. The percentage of moving larvae was 80% at 12 hours and 76% at 24 hours in the highest curcumin dilution (36.8 mg/ml). T. canis larvae survived in RPMI-1640 for four days after being incubated with 36.8 mg/ml curcumin for 24 hours. However, the untreated larvae were still active at this time. Further studies focusing on the migration of T. canis infective larvae in animal models may shed light on the effect of curcumin, which is rapidly metabolized in the body and absorbed at low levels from the intestine, on the migrating larva.

Animal welfare refers to an animals capacity to navigate its life circumstances and is grounded in the "five freedoms" and ''four principles" of responsible animal care. This multidimensional construct is gaining significance across social, political, ethical, and scientific realms. However, evaluating animal welfare necessitates a consensus on its definition. Notably, dairy welfare has now been integrated into the spectrum of milk quality standards, bolstering consumer confidence in products originating from animals raised and nurtured in adherence to sound farming practices. Given the intertwined relationship between cattle and humans, prioritizing cattle health and mitigating their suffering stands as an imperative. Owing to its intricate nature, quantifying the welfare of dairy cattle is a multifaceted endeavor, relying on a range of direct and indirect metrics. The selection of welfare indicators and evaluation methodologies, therefore, embodies the foundational assumptions underlying diverse interpretations of animal welfare. The criteria should take animal welfare evaluation based on housing, environment, animal health, seasons, feed, management, etc. into consideration. The housing system is one of the most important factors to consider when assessing an animals welfare because it has an impact on the animals well-being and ability to produce.  Assessment frameworks for animal welfare within dairy farms exhibit diversity shaped by the definition of animal welfare and the intended assessment objectives. In this comprehensive review, we undertake an examination of the indicators and evaluation approaches concerning the welfare of dairy cattle,  aiming to illuminate the intricacies of this vital domain.

The aim of the study was to develop herbal yoghurt by incorporating cinnamon bark extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) at 0.6 and 1.2 per cent level. The developed herbal yoghurt samples were analysed for physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity and sensory quality by standard procedures. The incorporation of cinnamon extract improved the antioxidant activity of yoghurt significantly. The antioxidant activity of control and cinnamon incorporated yoghurt (0.6 and 1.2 per cent) were 28. 12±2. 16, 44.87+2.16 and 54.77±2.16 per cent, respectively. A decline in antioxidant activity was observed in all yoghurt samples after the third day of storage. No significant difference in fat and total solids content was observed in yoghurt samples incorporated with cinnamon extract. The sensory scores of yoghurt incorporated with 0.6 per cent cinnamon extract were significantly higher than that of control. The study revealed that cinnamon extract can be incorporated into yoghurt to enhance the antioxidant activity without compromising the sensory quality.

Intelligent spoilage indicators are the emerging area of food packaging sector as it can provide information on quality of food during storage and transportation. The present research work was aimed to develop an anthocyanin based food spoilage indicator to detect spoilage in dairy products. Anthocyanin was extracted from the peels of dragon fruit, incorporated into filter paper and used as food spoilage sensing agent. Dragon fruit peel extract showed a characteristic peak of absorption at 537nm and was found to have 141.21±3.9 mg/g of total anthocyanin content and 46.8 ± 0.98 mg/g GAE of phenolic compounds. The pH sensitivity of the dragon fruit peel extract and indicator film were quite similar with the colour change from red to yellow as the pH increases. The indicator film was effective insignalling the quality deteriorations occurring in stored paneer and khoa.

Introduction In Germany, around 150,000 kg of mostly Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), were produced in 2021. Sudden mortalities affected negative control Russian sturgeon in experimental infection of several European aquacultured fish species with tilapia lake virus (TiLV). An investigation sought the causative agent. In most of the sturgeon, a specific herpesvirus was detected which also occurred in the carp, crucian carp and tench subjects, but not in Nile tilapia. This herpesvirus was latent in the sturgeon population but became productive to cause the outbreak after three weeks of experimentation. Material and Methods Different European aquacultured fishes were experimented upon. Chosen PCRs, nested PCRs and re-amplifications were carried out to identify the causative agent of the mortality event. Sequence analysis of the obtained PCR fragment and in-situ hybridisation (ISH) using tissue sections of the experimental fishes were performed. Results The PCRs used for detection of Acipenser herpesvirus (AciHV)-1 and -2 were always negative. An additional PCR assay with lesser specificity for AciHV found 118 of 123 sturgeon samples and some samples of cohabited cyprinids positive. The similarity of all isolates was 99.7%. The PCR results were confirmed by ISH using probes based on the same sequence, which detected identical viral sequences in both sturgeon and cyprinid samples. These findings revealed that a sterlet sequence previously deposited in the NCBI database had been incorrectly classified. Conclusion It seems that different herpesviruses and/or a new subspecies of AciHV are widespread in European farmed sturgeon populations, which, at least for aquacultured fish, opens up the possibility of vaccination against the disease which they cause. Additionally, a more specific diagnostic PCR has to be established.