The ability of L. monocytogenesas an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals, to survive and grow under various adverse environmental conditions, makes it a potential health hazard afterthe consumption of contaminated dairy products, it often implicated in several outbreaks of listeriosis. This study was conducted to investigate the survival of L. monocytogenes strain (NCTC13372) when inoculated with a population level of 6.95 log cfu/g and 7.64 logcfu/g and stored at 4ºC for 15 days and 3 months at -18ºC for yoghurt and ice cream respectively. The obtained results indicated that complete inactivation of the tested organism wasn’t achieved till the end of storage periods and the inoculated L. monocytogenes was survived in both yoghurt and ice cream throughout the trial. It is concluded that in the dairy industry, we cannot rely upon either fermentation process and storage at refrigerating temperature or upon storage at freezing temperature during yoghurt and ice cream manufacturing to control L.monocytogenes pathogen in order to provide safe products for consumption.

Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad affecting blood elements. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare ameliorative effects of Commiphora molmol extract (Mirazid, MZD) and praziquantel (PZQ) on some biochemical parameters in S. mansoni-infected mice. Accordingly, Swiss albino mice (n=72) were used and were divided into 4 equal groups; 18 mice each. Group (1) was uninfected non-treated control. Mice in infected groups administered 100 S. mansoni cercariae/mouse. Group (2) contained infected non-treated mice. Group (3) was infected and treated with MZD at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 5 successive days. Group (4) was infected and treated with PZQ in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 successive days. Treatment started 7 weeks post infection (WPT) by the oral route. Blood samples were collected at the 1st, 2nd and 4th weeks post treatment for liver functions (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney functions tests (blood urea and serum creatinine) and cholinergic function (serum cholinesterase level). PZQ ameliorated activities of serum enzymes; alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase more than MZD compared to infected untreated group. PZQ significantly decreased ALT at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity at 2 and 4 WPT whereas, MZD resulted in significant reduction in ALT activity at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT. AST and ALP activities appeared at the 2nd and 4th WPT. PZQ caused progressive significant reduction in elevated levels of urea and creatinine at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT, respectively that produced by MZD. PZQ and MZD induced a significant elevation in the level of AChE. Such effect was early detected MZD, and it was showed at the 2nd and 4th WPT for PZQ. It was concluded that PZQ and MZD were safe drugs with no adverse biochemical effects on S. mansoni-infected treated mice with potential action done by PZQ rather than MZD.

The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of tramadol, lidocaine and tramadol-lidocaine combination injected in the epidural space in goats. Nine goats were used to compare the epidural analgesic effect of tramadol (3 mg / kg), 2% lidocaine (2.86 mg/kg) and tramadol-lidocaine combination (1 mg /kg and 2.46 mg kg, resp.). Onset time, duration, and degree of analgesia and ataxia were recorded as well as Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and biochemical parameters were recorded. Time to onset and duration of analgesia, were tramadol 10 min and 225 min; lidocaine 4 min and 85 min and tramadol-lidocaine 4 min and 130 min respectively. Onset time and duration were significantly longer with tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine combination than the other treatment. Ataxia was not observed in tramadol and mildly observed in tramadol-lidocaine combination and was severing in lidocaine. Tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine combination might be clinically useful to provide analgesia in goats for long-duration surgical procedures than lidocaine alone.

A total of 30 dairy cows were attended in veterinary practice investigations have been done under Egyptian conditions, in Seds farm belong to animal production research institute , from the reproductive perspective . the study divided the animals according to parities to - one parity , two parity , three parity and more than three parity .The study followed values of some biochemical parameters glucose, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium ,cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin ,total protein and urea. showed that cows affected by hypocalcaemia. The most important notifeibal results in postpartum 1-7 days the calcium level of cows with parity one calcium level were 7.06 gm /dl while in cows with parity two were 6.64 gm/dl, in cows with three parity 6.6 gm /dl and cows more than three parity calcium level were 6.91 gm/dl. 14-21 days post partum .4 cows with parity one calcium level were 7.46 gm /dl, first parity cows has along interval from calving to estrus ,days open and number of services. cows with parity two has along period to come in first estrus at 86 ±5.6 s days and long days open which were 106±4.7 days. But NO. of services were high in cows with more than three parity 1.9±0.16

Stability study of biological products especially living bacterial vaccines plays an important role for the determination of product changes in maintenance period, and ensures safety, efficacy and maintenance of biological properties of the vaccines. So, the objective of this study was to establish stability and keeping quality of the local Brucella melitensis Rev-1 vaccine using different types of stabilizers in lyophilization process. A long-term stability study was carried out for four batches of reduced-dose Brucella melitensis Rev-1 vaccine manufactured by veterinary serum and vaccine research institute using four different stabilizers. Stabilizers were: (A) sucrose and skimmed milk, (B and C) different concentrations of sucrose, sodium glutamate and gelatin, and (D) casein, sucrose and sodium glutamate. The quality control tests including colony forming unit, purity, dissociation and physicochemical tests on all batches until 12 months postproduction were performed. The obtained results indicated that in spite of collapse (shrinkage) of lyophilized cake in a number of bottles in batches prepared using stabilizer A, Brucella vaccine batches were stable and met the specification recommended by OIE 2012 for 12 months post-production in vaccine batches with stabilizers A and D.

A total of 220 random meat samples of different animal species were collected from 50 carcasses consisting 10 carcasses from each of beef, buffalo, camel, sheep and goat, as well20 frozen beef samples. Each carcass represented by four cut samples from neck, shoulder, abdomen and thigh. All samples were collected from random retail and butchers’ shops ofBeni-Suef governorate to assess their microbiological status and compare the levels of contamination among animal species and carcass cuts. This study showed and compared the means of counts (CFU/g) of total aerobicbacteria (mesophilic count and psychrophilic count), coliforms,fecal coliforms,Escherichia coli,Staphylococcusaureus in each of beef, buffalo, camel, sheep and goat carcasses and imported frozen beef as well. Beside the incidence of E.coli, Salmonellaspp, and coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. The obtained results clarified that the examined beef, buffalo and mutton samples were more contaminated than those of other kinds of meat. The results were discussed from the hygienic point of view and compared with the national and international standards to assess their reliability for consumption.

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease causing approximately 6% of total human deaths. Its economic losses are not only a reduction of 10-20% in milk production and weight, but also infertility and condemnation of meat. Many serological tests are applied for detection of tuberculosis. ELISA test has the highest sensitivity and specificity than the other serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several forms of new technology were brought into the diagnostic approach to mycobacterial infection. The aim of this work was to detect bovine tuberculosis by application of different serological tests. Tuberculin skin test was applied on 2650 cattle, only 63(2.4%) were positive. Forty eight (76.2%) of the slaughtered positive animals showed visible lesions (VL) while the other 15 (23.8%) had non-visible lesions (NVL). The bacteriological examination of the 63 samples revealed isolation of M. bovis from 47 processed samples (74.6%). The results of the immunoassay test have detected 27 out of the tuberculin positive cattle, while the ELISA has detected 34 out of the positive reactor cattle. It was concluded that immunoassay and ELISA tests act as complementary tests for tuberculin skin test especially in anergic cattle.

Infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian influenza (AI) are highly contagious and the most economically important diseases of the poultry affecting the respiratory tract and causing economic losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. In the present study, 180 broiler flocks were sampled from 6 different Egyptian provinces (Giza, Qaluobia, Sharqia, Menofia, Al Behira and Fayoum) during 2014 to 2015. The birds showed respiratory illness and they were examined for 4 respiratory viral diseases; avian influenza (AI subtype H5 and H9), vNDV and IBV. All farms were vaccinated against IBV, ND and AI and were investigated using RT-PCR. The results showed that 41 out of 180 broiler farms were positive for either IBV or vND or AI-H5 and AI-H9 as a single infection as follows: 24, 10, 5 and 2 farms respectively. There were 62 farms detected as mixed infection, the highest incidence was shown in 40 farms co-infected with IBV and AI (H9) and 11 with IBV and vNDV, rRT-PCR results for each governorate separately go more or less parallel to that of all governorates collectively, There was no clear geographical preferences in positive viruses among governorates. Mortality rate and clinical signs incidence showed the highest percentage for birds reared in winter and Autumn compared with the other seasons. The results revealed that IBV as a single or a mixed infection had a major role in the respiratory problem in the field.

The histopathological diagnosis of muscle necrosis and hyalinosis frequently poses considerable difficulty and has a contradictory diagnosis. The present study described the morphologic features of nine clinically affected chicken pectoral muscles and one normal muscle using fluorescence microscopy on formalin fixed-paraffin embedded tissues. Histopathological examination of samples (normal and necrosed) was routinely done using stained sections with heamatoxylin and eosin. Sections examined by fluorescent microscopy showed significant or intense autoflouresncence in necrosed muscles. The subsequent image/color analysis of the fluorescent images was carried out to characterize the color intensity of autofluorescence emitted from chickens' muscles and to compare autoflourescence with the normal ones. In necrosed muscles, samples exhibited a marked increase in fluorescence intensity. Normally stained section with non-specific autoflourescent revealed 99.48% for normal specimens compared to 82.93% for necrosed ones, and that of specific autoflourscent revealed 0.62% for normal specimens compared to 17.08% for necrosed ones. The technique allows imaging of chickens muscle samples, facilitating the determination of the degree of necrosis throughout the muscle using statistical analysis, particularly in those related to comparative pathology, and avoiding the disadvantages of routine histopathological examination.

he present study aimed to prepare a combined inactivated vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea genotype-1(BVD-1),bovine viral diarrhea genotype-2 (BVD-2), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR),parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV) and adjuvanted with montanide oil ISA 206. Quality control results proved that the pneumo-5 vaccine was pure and completely safe to be used in calves without abnormalities. Potency test was performed on two groups of calves three for each group, where the first group was vaccinated with pneumo-5 vaccine adjuvant with montanide oil ISA 206 and the second group was left as non-vaccinated control group. In group (1), serum neutralization test revealed that the serum neutralizing antibody titers in BVD-1 and BVD-2 developed more higher than the minimal acceptable titer of the protective level (log10 0.9), while log10 0.6 was protective against IBR, PI-3 and BRS viruses at one month of vaccination and remained protective till the end of experiment compared to group (2) that showed no neutralizing antibody response. The prepared vaccine proved to be highly potent as the developed BVD-1, BVD-2, IBR, PI-3 and BRSV antibodies remained within the protective level for 9 months post vaccination.