Bovine trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma. The disease cause economic losses in livestock production. In order to determine the status of research on this disease in Côte d'Ivoire, we used the systematic review method and meta-analysis. Three electronics databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed and CrossRef were used to search for publications on trypanosomiasis prevalence that met our inclusion criteria. Twenty five articles were identified, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria. Bovine trypanosomiasis prevalence of 2.99% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.96% - 3.01%) to 25.28% (95% CI: 25.17% - 25.38%) were recorded between 1960 and 2021. The analyses showed that the most infected regions were the Bagoue 11.26% (95% CI: 11.25% - 11.27%), Bounkani 14.94% (95% CI: 14.93% - 14.95%), Gbeke 10.34% (95% CI: 10.33% - 10.35%), Marahoue 13.79% (95% CI: 13.78% - 13.80%), Poro 8.50% (95% CI: 8.49% - 8.51%), and Tchologo 11.83% (95% CI: 11.82% - 11.84%).The most sensitive diagnostic method used was the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The species of trypanosomes diagnosed were Typanosoma vivax 4.99% (95% CI: 4.97% - 5.01%), T. congolense 1.51% (95% CI: 1.49% - 1.52%), and T. brucei 0.61% (95% CI: 0.59% - 0.62%). Despite some variation, the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Côte d'Ivoire caused mainly by T. vivax has increased in the years between 1977 and 2017. Efforts to control tsetse and other mechanical vectors should also be put in place to minimize its transmission. CONTRIBUTION: The authors studied the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis using the systematic review method and MA in order to determine the status of research on this disease in Côte d'Ivoire

This study investigates the effects of Aspergillus meal prebiotic on a spectrum of parameters, including productive performance, bone mineralization, and intestinal integrity, in broiler chickens. Day-of-hatch Cobb 500 by-product male chicks (320 total) were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (G1 and G2) in floor pens (150×300 cm), each pen containing separate feeders and watering systems (8 replicates per treatment, 20 birds/pen). Chickens kept in G1 (control) were fed a basal diet, while those of G2 (treated) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.2% PRI-A-FERM. Performance parameters, including body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were evaluated weekly from the 7th day to the end of the trial at 42 d. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) was administered via oral gavage to 3 chickens/replicate (n = 24), and blood was collected on 21d and on 42d to determine serum concentration of FITC-d as a biomarker to evaluate intestinal permeability and peptide YY as an indirect biomarker to evaluate short chain fatty acids. Chickens that received the \\textit{Aspergillus} meal prebiotic showed a significant increase in BW, BWG, and FI on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 (P

The present study assessed the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic CLOSTAT, alone or in combination with Aviboost® supplement, on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response in broiler chickens. A total of 600 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into three groups: G1 (non-treated negative control group), G2 (probiotic CLOSTAT®- and Aviboost®-treated group), and G3 (probiotic CLOSTAT®-treated group). Feed intake and mean body weight were measured weekly for all groups. Sera were collected for cytokine analysis, and duodenal samples were also collected for histomorphological examination. The results revealed that the mean body weight gain was significantly increased to 2.25 and 2.2 kg/bird in G2 and G3, respectively, compared to 1.95 kg/bird in G1. Similarly, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved to 1.56 and 1.59 in G2 and G3, respectively, compared to 1.8 in G1. Serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-6 protein concentrations were significantly increased in G2 and G3 compared to G1. Furthermore, the absorptive cells of the villi revealed structural changes, including hyperplasia and increased goblet cell population and microvilli height, in G2 and G3 compared to G1. The lamina propria of duodenal villi in G2 and G3 showed increased cellularity at 22 days of age. In conclusion, concurrent supplementation of CLOSTAT® and Aviboost® to broiler chickens slightly improved the body weight gain and FCR but did not exhibit synergistic or additive effects on intestinal morphology and systemic immune response

Abortifacient pathogens such as bacterial [Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Leptospira interrogans ser., Coxiella burnetii, Campylobacter spp., Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp], mycotic [Aspergillus species and Candida species], protozoan [Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp.], and viral [Bluetongue virus (BTV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bovine viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), and Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)] pathogens are challenges for the productive and reproductive performance of ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) globally. No comprehensive report on epidemiology, associated risk factors, or economic burden of these infectious pathogens is available for Nigeria. This review estimated the distribution and burden of abortive pathogens in ruminants in Nigeria for the last twenty-two years (2000-2022). Research articles reporting the detection of any of the above-mentioned abortive pathogens in ready-to-slaughter ruminants (RTSR), sick ruminants (SR), and ruminants with abortive history (RWAH) in Nigeria were accessed using different repositories, including Google Scholar, Proquest, PubMed, ResearchGate and Scopus to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and associated risk factors. From a total of 140 articles selected for this review, eight bacterial, four viral, two parasitic, and two mycotic infectious agents were reported for Nigeria. This study reveals a prevalence of 28.2% viral agents, 14.43% bacterial pathogens, 14.24% protozoans, and 28.1% fungal agents in the reported tested samples. Brucellosis was the most often reported among bacterial diseases, followed by leptospirosis and listeriosis. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection was the most common viral disease, followed by bluetongue virus disease. Additionally, two parasitic diseases, neosporosis and toxoplasmosis, and two mycotic diseases, aspergillosis and candidiasis, were reported. In this study, stillbirth and abortion were recorded in 49.2% of sheep with PPRV, 58.95% in goats with Chlamydophila abortus and PPRV, and 6.4% in cattle with Brucella abortus and Histophilus somni infections. Lack of vaccines, open markets, and extensive husbandry systems were among the risk factors associated with different abortive pathogens. This study is a useful tool for researchers and government officers in risk assessment and management of livestock to improve livestock production in Nigeria.

The gastrointestinal tract provides the biological environment for nutrient digestion and absorption. Its physical and chemical barriers are crucial to protect from invading pathogens and toxic substances. On this basis, the intactness of the gastrointestinal tract, with its multiple functions and impacts, is one of the key prerequisites for human and animal health. Undoubtedly, the functions of a healthy gut system also largely benefit the welfare and performance of animals in farming systems such as poultry industries. Broiler chickens grow rapidly, as a result of rigorous genetic programs, due to the high absorption capacity of intestinal epithelia for nutrients, the quick transport of nutrients to the muscle, and their efficient conversion into energy and biomass. Due to oxygen metabolism or enteric commensal bacteria, intestinal epithelial cells create reactive oxygen and nitrogen species physiologically. However, increased generation of these oxidants goes along with the formation of free radicals resulting in oxidative stress causing lipid peroxidation and dramatic molecular changes in the structure and function of the cell and mitochondrial membranes. These effects contribute to chronic oxidative stress and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and generally affect all chicken organs, tissues, and cells. Hence, all forms of chronic stress, regardless of the origin, negatively impact the chicken's overall performance, health, and welfare. This review article highlights some enteric inflammation models and biomarkers to evaluate gut integrity in chickens and discusses the repercussions that chronic stress and intestinal inflammation have on the health and performance of commercial poultry.

In order to evaluate the infection of veterinarians by brucellosis in Algeria and to study the associated epidemiological factors, we created a survey consisting of 21 questions that was distributed in paper and digital versions. We collected responses of 100 veterinarians. The survey revealed that 15% of the veterinarians got infected with brucellosis during their practice. Almost half (47%) contracted the disease through direct contact with diseased animals and/or their products, mostly during intervention for retained placenta (75%); 20% became infected during vaccination campaigns against brucellosis, due to unprotected hands, where13% were infected through consumption of raw milk. Factors such as the frequency of encountering brucellosis farms, negligence in wearing protective equipment, lack of training in handling the vaccine, as well as lack of work hygiene were reported by these professionals.

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a viral disease that causes serious economic losses in the broiler industry. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Olea europaea leaves and propolis extracts (OLP) mixture at a rate of 400 μg and 100 mg/mL, respectively, in curing IB in broiler chickens. One-day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomized into four groups (G) of twenty-one chicks; G1 (control negative; no infection and treatment); G2 (no infection, treatment only), G3 (control positive; infection only and no treatment) and G4 (infection and treatment) that infected with IBv (106 EID50/ml) at 21 days old. The OLP treatment was applied for birds in G2 and G4 at a dose of 0.5 mL/liter drinking water for three successive days. The growth performance, clinical and pathological examinations, and viral shedding were evaluated. The use of the OLP resulted in protection from IB infection through the significant improvement of performance parameters such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio, decrease in mortality rate, lowering disease severity, and rapid recovery from the observed clinical signs (mainly respiratory signs), gross and microscopic lesions in the trachea, lung, and kidneys as compared to those in the positive control (G3). Moreover, the viral shedding in the OLP-treated chicks (G4) was significantly decreased in tracheal and cloacal swabs to a rate less than 3×103 IBv genome copy number and became not detectable at 14-days post-infection (dpi) in their cloacal swabs. In conclusion, OLP can potentially display an antiviral effect against IB in broiler chickens. Therefore, adding OLP to the chicken drinking water is recommended to prevent and control IB [Ger. J. Vet. Res. 2023; 3(2.000): 1-10]

Detection of milk adulteration is important to maintaining the quality of milk and milk products regarding pricing and consumer protection. Thus, in the current study, we investigated the adulteration of goat milk sold in the market and labeled it as "100% Goat Milk" with cows and sheep milk by real-Time PCR reaction (RT-PCR). This study is the first investigation on goat milk in Turkey and has particular importance as it was carried out using TaqMan probe RT-PCR. In total, 60 milk samples sold in the market and labeled as "100% Goat Milk" were collected from 12 different provinces of Turkey. The RT-PCR TaqMan probe detected the adulteration of goat milk with cow and sheep milk. In the study, 18 (30%) samples were found to be compatible with the label. It was determined that 42 (70%) samples did not comply with the "100% Goat Milk" statement on the label. It was determined that 6 (10%) of the samples contained only sheep milk, 18 (30%) contained only cow milk, another 6 (10%) contained goat and cow milk, 12 (20%) contained sheep and cow milk, and 36 (60%) did not contain any goat milk. The results of this study revealed high levels of adulteration in goat milk products. Therefore, careful continuous monitoring of these products' production and sales is necessary regarding deception of consumers and public health.