Newcastle and Influenza diseases are important viral diseases and its occurrence and virulence in Iran has increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune responses of chickens vaccinated with inactivated dual oil emulsion Newcastle disease and avian influenza vaccine in two methods of intramuscular and subcutaneous injection as well as to assess the possible changes in serum biochemical factors. In this study, after subcutaneous and intramuscular inoculation of inactivated dual oil emulsion Newcastle-Influenza vaccine, the serum antibody level and hematobiochemical factors of these avian were analyzed on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after vaccine injection.The results showed that the values of biochemical parameters such as albumin, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol, ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes, sodium and potassium minerals, and hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens were not significantly different. Also, in chickens injected with antigen, Newcastle disease and influenza antibody titers were significantly different with those groups containing adjuvant.The results of this study indicate that the intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of dual combination vaccine is similar in terms of changes in biochemical and hematological factors and Newcastle disease and influenza antibody titers. To ensure safety in inactivated vaccines, the presence of proper adjuvant is essential for immune response.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in some biochemical and haematological parameters due to liver damage caused by parasites in sheep infected with Dicrocoelium dendriticum. The study was conducted on 10 healthy sheep and 60 sheep infected with D. dendriticum. After the blood was taken from the sheep brought to the slaughterhouse in Van Municipality, the liver and gall bladder were examined after the slaughter, and the blood of sheep infected with D. dendriticum was brought to the laboratory and examined for some haematological and biochemical parameters.As a result of the examination, some changes were observed in the biochemical and haematological parameters. In statistical analysis: Haematologically compared with the healthy group of sheep infected with D. dentriticum; WBC, Neu, Eo and Mon values were higher than the control group's values, while RBC, Hct, Hb and MCV values were lower and no significant change was found in the Lym level. Results of biochemical parameters of sheep infected with D. dentriticum according to statistical analysis; ALT, AST and GGT values were higher than of the health group sheep, while serum TP, Alb and glucose values were found than lower.As a result; WBC, Neu, Eo, Mon, ALT, AST and GGT levels in infected sheep due to dicrocoeliasis which cause important pathological disorders in liver that have functions such as synthesis, metabolism and detoxification in the organism were found to be significantly higher compared to the same values of the healthy group. It is predicted that these parameters may be useful in determining the degree and prognosis of liver damage and will shed light on the studies to be performed in this field.

Pyometra is an inflammation of the uterus which is characterized by purulent to sanguinopurulent intraluminal contents. Pyometra has been mostly observed in queens older than 6 years but it has no age predilection. The average age of cats with pyometra is between 5 - 7 years. Traditionally queens reach puberty at a bodyweight of 2.3-2.5 kg. Here in this case we have a 5-month-old cat which has not experienced oestrus but yet developed a pyometra. In this case ovariohysterectomy was performed on this queen. The treatment procedure continued with fluid therapy and antibiotics.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of lycopene administration as a protective agent against necrotic damage of NaF, a fluoride compound found to have high cytotoxic effects in the renal epithelial cell. Material- Method: The renal epithelial cell was cultured in DMEM high glucose medium, containing 10%FBS, 1%L-Glutamine (2mM) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. With the MTT viability test, the non-toxic dose of lycopene (1 µM) and the IC50 value of NaF at the 24th hour was determined to be 3200 µM. The study groups were divided into four as control, NaF, lycopene and NaF+lycopene (the combination of NaF and lycopene). After the total mRNA obtained from these groups were converted to cDNA, expression levels of the identified necrotic genes were determined by real-time PCR method.While the Ripk1 gene did not change in the group given lycopene at the 24th hour, it was found that it increased 2.6 times in the group that received only fluoride, while it increased 7 times in the group treated with NaF+lycopene. A significant difference was detected between the groups in terms of gene expression pattern. While the Ripk3 gene increased slightly in the 24th hour applied lycopene group, it was observed that only NaF applied group increased 8 times and NaF+lycopene applied group increased in the 9 times.Based on the results obtained from this study, it was seen that activation of necrotic genes is important in explaining the molecular basis of cell death from NaF, which is applied as fluoride source, in revealing the molecular basis of the necrotic pathway. It was found that the decrease in cell viability due to NaF increased with lycopene, but the use of lycopene with fluoride also increased necrotic gene expression.

Lack of information about brucellosis can affect patient’s health-seeking behaviors and thuscause constant infectation in semi-urban communities. This study aimed to determine the knowledge levelof brucellosis of dairy cattle breeders and evaluate the information about brucellosis in 83 people living in21 different villages and neighborhoods of Erdemli district. In the study, in this cross-sectional study, face to face interviews and data were collected using a 30 question questionnaire to investigate the level of knowledge about individuals aboutbrucellosis. Data were evulated by using SPSS 21.0 statistic program.While 72.3% the individuals do not know that brucellosis causes disease in humans, 56.6% do notknow that it causes disease in animals. Participants said that 56.6% had heard of the about brucellosis beforeand those who heard said that they had heard from 13.3% of their relatives or neighbors. A majority of theparticipants (56.6 %) had heard about Brucella, 72.3% of individuals do not know that brucellosis causesdisease in humans and 56.6% of the participants do not know that Brucella is an animal disease. It wasdetermined that 65 (73.8%) of the participants did not make cheese from raw milk, 66 (79.5%) did notconsume cheese fresh, and 74 (89.2%) did not make butter from raw milk cream. The individuals whoparticipated of in the study 32.5% had bovine animals and 67.5% had small ruminants; the rate of abortedanimals is 30.1% in the last year. The total proportion 20.5% was of stillbirths, the rate 51.8% was infertileanimals.In the present study infertility, stillbirth and abortion numbers of individuals who had notheard of brucellosis before were higher than those who had heard and who took the necessary precautions.It is a fact that the herd can threaten all other animals in rapidly spreading infectious diseases such asbrucellosis. Therefore, providing the necessary incentives for the establishment of modern business facilitiesin areas where animal husbandry is intensive, if this is not possible, raising the level of knowledge byproviding various trainings to individuals dealing with dairy cattle breeding will contribute to the nationaleconomy.

This study aimed to determine the anatomical and histological structure of the uterus of the Anatolian wild goat. Measurements were taken from the uterine segments using digital callipers. The animal material consisted of three wild goats of similar ages (2-3 old). The uterus was studied in three sections: Corpus uteri, cornu uteri and cervix uteri. Each section was examined anatomically and histologically.The mean length of cervix uteri was 33.99±1.22 mm, width of the cervix uteri was 13.39±0.92 mm, thickness of the cervix uteri was 8.42±1.68 mm and weight of the cervix uteri was 5.45±0.80 g. The mean corpus uteri length was 29.61±5.14 mm, corpus uteri width was 21.22±1.98 mm, corpus uteri thickness was 9.05±1.45 mm and corpus uteri weight was 4.30±0.77 g. The mean cornu uteri length was 41.34±8.02 mm, the cornu uteri width was 12.49±2.59 mm, the cornu uteri thickness was 6.73±0.86 mm and the cornu uteri weight was 5.46±0.31 g. Histologically, the uterine tissue was consist of three different regions, namely, cervix uteri, corpus uteri and cornu uteri also this parts were composed of endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium layers were located from the inside to the outside.The findings of this study related to the Anatolian wild goat, which contributes to the wildlife diversity in Turkey, however, the population of which has been decreasing due to illegal and uncontrolled hunting or traffic accidents in recent years.

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between cystatin C (Cys-C) and some hematologic and biochemical parameters in neonatal calves diarrhea. Materials and In this research the animal material of the study was obtained from different breeds, genders and ages (0-30 days) 10 samples have been taken from healthy neonatal calves and 22 samples from diarrhea calves which didn′t received any medicine. Otherwise, the general examination has been done for all the calves. The levels of hematologic, biochemical and blood gas have been determind for both healthy calves and neonatal calves diarrhea.Results: Depending on the control group, we have observed that the neonatal calves diarrhea hematologic parameters WBC, Neu, Hct, Hb levels (p<0.05) and biochemical parameter BUN (p<0.01) and Cr (p<0.05) level statistically have been increased. On the other hand, Alb (p<0.05) and glucose (p<0.01) levels have been decreased. In term of blood gas analysis and depending on the control group the level of K+ (p<0.05) has been increased, the levels of pH, pO2 and base (p<0.05) have been decreased. We evaluate the Cys-C level in the neonatal calves diarrhea and we have found that Cys-C level is statistically increased this was detected comparing to the control group (p <0.01).In this research the obtained level of Cys-C can be used as normal for calves; statistically there is no relationship between Cys-C and some of the hematologic and biochemical parameters, the Cys-C level in the calves diarrhea is an important parameter it can be used to determine the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease; but still much more research about the topic should be done.

The effects of radiation therapy may be potentiated by combining radiation therapy with secondary therapies. Clinically, radiation therapy has been combined with bisphosphonates for treatment of canine appendicular osteosarcoma for years. The objective of this study was to determine if the timing of administration of bisphosphonates in relation to radiation therapy alters clonogenic survival or cell viability of canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Canine osteosarcoma cells were treated before administration of radiation, concurrent with radiation, or after radiation. Reduction in clonogenic survival was identified when bisphosphonates were administered post-radiation compared with pre-radiation. No significant differences were identified for cell viability at any time points. Further investigation of the cellular effects of bisphosphonates on canine osteosarcoma cells is warranted. Consideration may be given to administering bisphosphonates 24 h after radiation to reduce replication of canine osteosarcoma cells and possibly prolong the analgesic effects of both treatments.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of topical ophthalmic administration of diclofenac on intraocular pressure (IOP) when applied at 4 frequencies to eyes of Beagles. ANIMALS 8 ophthalmologically normal Beagles. PROCEDURES The study involved four 5-day experimental periods each separated by a 16-day washout period. During each period, 1 drop of 0.1% diclofenac sodium ophthalmic solution was administered to the right eye at 4 treatment frequencies (1, 2, 3, or 4 times/d); 1 drop of eyewash was administered to the left eye as a control treatment. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed on days 0 (day before first treatment) and 5 of each experimental period. Gonioscopy was performed on day 0 of the first period. The IOPs were measured at 7 am and 7 pm on days 1 through 5. RESULTS No abnormalities were detected during neuro-ophthalmic and ophthalmic examinations on day 0 of each experimental period. No adverse reactions to administration of diclofenac or eyewash were observed at any time point. No abnormalities were detected during ophthalmic examinations performed on day 5, and IOPs remained < 25 mm Hg in all 4 periods. No significant differences were identified between the treated and control eyes or among the 4 treatment frequencies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Topical ophthalmic administration of diclofenac up to 4 times/d in dogs with no ophthalmic abnormalities did not significantly increase the IOP. Additional research is needed to evaluate the effect of topical ophthalmic administration of diclofenac on IOP in dogs with anterior uveitis.

OBJECTIVE To determine effects of PCV on blood glucose (BG) concentration measurements obtained with a human portable blood glucometer (HPBG) and a veterinary portable blood glucometer (VPBG) on canine (cVPBG) and feline (fVPBG) settings (test methods) when used in rabbits and to develop correction formulas to mitigate effects of PCV on such measurements. SAMPLE 48 resuspended blood samples with known PVCs (range, 0% [plasma] to 92% [plasma and packed RBCs]) from 6 healthy research rabbits (experimental sample set) and 252 historic measurements of BG concentration and PCV in 84 client-owned rabbits evaluated at a veterinary hospital (validation data set). PROCEDURES Duplicate measurements of BG concentration with each test method and of PCV were obtained for each sample in the experimental sample set, and the mean results for each variable for each test method and sample were compared with results from a clinical laboratory analyzer (reference method) used to determine the true BG concentration for each sample. Mean ± SD differences in measurements between the reference and test methods were calculated. Linear regression and modified Clarke error grid analysis were used to develop correction formulas for the test methods given known PCVs, and these formulas were evaluated on the validation data set with linear regression and a modified Clarke error grid. RESULTS Blood glucose concentrations were falsely low for cVPBG and fVPBG used on samples with PCV < 31% and were falsely high for all test methods used on samples with PCV > 43%. Compared with original measurements, formula-corrected measurements overall had better agreement with reference method measurements for the experimental sample set; however, only the formula-corrected HPBG measurements had improved agreement for the validation data set. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings indicated that, in rabbits, HPBG measurements had improved accuracy with the use of the correction formula HPBG measurement of BG concentration + ([0.75 × PCV] − 15); however, the correction formulas did not improve the accuracy of VPBG measurements, and we believe that neither the cVPBG nor fVPBG should be used in rabbits.