Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are the most common strains of E. coli that animals and humans are exposed to. It can be classified into six pathogenic groups, regarding their antibiotic resistance ability and the presence of virulence genes. Most of them are located on mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. Thus, this study aimed to identify the plasmid DNA patterns from E. coli isolated from dogs and humans each of which has diarrhoea. In order to search for similarities between the plasmids distributed among them, plasmid patterns as bands on agarose gel and plasmid incompatibility replicons detection were applied. A multiplex PCR-based method was used to detect the presence of the most common plasmid replicons (B/O, FIA, FIB, I1 and Frep). The results showed that almost all E. coli isolates contain plasmids. The IncF (FIA and FIB) replicons were the most prevalent Inc (60%) among human isolates. In contrast, the dominant Inc replicon in dog isolate was Frep followed by FIB and FIA in rates reached 35% and 25% respectively. Whereas, the 1I replicon was the least common in both sources. The dual plasmids Inc Frep+FIB and Frep+FIA were found to be the shared types. In contrast, one of the triple Incs patterns (FIB+Ferp+B/O) was common among dog and human isolates. This pattern’s similarity indicates the bacterial transmitted ability and triggered a preliminary idea about the possibility of plasmid transmission between E. coli from different hosts.

  The current experience was carried out to evaluated the impacts of Zinc and VitD3  on the thyroid gland, and testicular functions as well as bone tissue architecture in rats with zinc deficiency, forty juvenile rats were used, and Zinc deficiency was induction within a dose of 30 mg/kg of 1,10 phenanthroline dissolved in  0.5 ml of DMSO.  Rats were distributed into four groups: group I.  Rats served as control without zinc deficiency, was received 1ml of saline, group II with zinc deficiency  considered as positive control, was received 1ml of saline, group III with deficiency, was  treated  with   zinc  20mg /kg , group IV with Zn deficient, was treated with Vit D3 at a dose of 500 IU/kg, all groups treated orally for 30 days consecutive, our findings indicating that zinc deficiency caused to elevated TSH and T4 while lowered T3 values, markedly decreased in testosterone, FSH and LH, whereas    histopathological alteration in bone its representing by loss of trabecular mass and atrophy of the  osteoblast were observable, while the  administration of zinc and Vit D led to  improvement thyroid and sexual hormones as well osteoblast activity.  In Conclusion zinc deficiency causing harmful impacts on thyroid gland, spermatogenesis and bone mineralization, while the administration of zinc and Vitamin D results in improvement hormone levels and restoration of the histopathological changes in the bone.

  Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae is an evolved pathogenic strain that is more resistant and more virulent than classical pneumoniae (cKp).  Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacillus of the Enterobacteriaceae family that is usually grouped with non-motile, lactose-fermenting. hv-K. pneumoniae is a fascinating bacterium that can be a natural inhabitant of human and animals, a very efficient pathogen capable of causing several community or hospital-acquired infections or an opportunistic multidrug-resistant strain.  hv-K. pneumoniae has worldwide dissemination and is usually found in the environment and commensal flora of humans and other animal species. It includes several strains such as ST23\K1, ST86\K2 and ST29\K54, the most important of which are widespread around the world, especially in Asian countries. hv-K. pneumoniae is responsible for pneumonia, septicemia, and urinary tract and soft-tissue infections, but it is most famous for its role in community-acquired liver abscesses in Asia. In addition to its clinical relevance, hv-K. pneumoniae is also intensively studied in the course of basic and applied research, being of interest to a vast range of scientists from microbiologists. This interest is mostly due to its capability to acquire drug resistance and express hypervirulence. hv-K. pneumoniae is a very efficient biofilm producer and is involved in nosocomial tuberculosis outbreaks as a clinical co-pathogen. Furthermore, it is now one of the most important antimicrobial resistance threats. However, for the most part, the ability to infect almost all types of immunocompromised hosts and to acquire extreme antimicrobial resistance is the most fascinating characteristic. We conclusion   prevalence of multidrug-resistant hv-K. pneumoniae in hospitals is quite high and its emergence is rapid according to studies and research. According to this study, it was shown that there are some strains such as 23 that are resistant to multiple drugs, which were the most prevalent compared to others, especially in some countries of the world, such as Taiwan, China, India, and others. The studies also showed that there is a strain such as ST11 that is resistant to most antibiotics KPC, SHV, and ESBL compared to others in some countries, especially in China and Iran. This means that there is a high affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics compared to other antibiotics.                            

The current experiment was done in the poultry farm of the animal production department, college of agriculture - Kirkuk University, from (22/04/2022 to 22/07/2022), 120 unsexed chicks were used (White quail=40, Brown quail=40, and Gray quail=40), rearing on the cages, the diet and the water ad libitum when the flock reached 120 days of age 5 male, and female were chosen randomly to slaughter. Following the slaughter, the heads were gathered, boiled, and the characteristics of the skull were measured using a Caliper Vernier with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. There were significant differences in some dimensions, as the Pro. Sprameaticus of sequamosal bone was larger in the brown genetic line compared to the white one, which was smaller. This is also the case with Postorbital process, as for the other dimensions, there were no significant differences between the genetic lines. There were highly significant differences in many dimensions, where the female white quail excelled over the rest of the birds in the Cerebellar prominentia trait, and in the Exoccipital bone trait and Postorbital process, the male white quail excelled over the other birds. The gray female quail also excelled in the Postorbital process, Dorsal middle point of frontonsal structure, and Middle point of frontonasal structure Basilar tuberculum of basioccipital bone, over the other of the birds. As for Paraoccipital process, white males, gray males and females outperformed other birds. As for the other of the characteristics, there was no significant effect among the studied interactions.

The objective of the present study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the renal anatomy in dogs and cats. A sample consisting of twenty healthy adult subjects (ten domestic cats and ten domestic dogs) was utilized for this investigation. The average weight of the local feline population was recorded at 2 ± 0.4 kg, whereas the local canine average weight was significantly higher at 20 ± 3 kg, with both species represented within the age range of one to three years. The anatomical and morphometric attributes of the kidneys were examined post-slaughter. Observations from the gross anatomical assessment revealed that the canine kidney is characterized as a single, bean-shaped renal organ with a smooth surface, possessing a solitary renal papilla. The renal cortex exhibited a reddish-brown hue, while the renal medulla was distinguished by two zones: an outer, darker zone and an inner, lighter zone. Both kidneys are encapsulated, situated against the dorsal abdominal wall within the lumbar region, lateral to the vertebral column. The average weights of the right and left kidneys were found to be 50.05 ± 5.44 grams and 53.97 ± 7.42 grams, respectively. Additionally, the average lengths measured 5.18 ± 1.87 cm for the right kidney and 5.36 ± 2.18 cm for the left kidney, with widths recorded as 3.47 ± 0.68 cm for the right and 4.23 ± 1.20 cm for the left.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease that poses significant threat to public health in Iraq. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of CCHF in humans, with a focus on occupational exposure, mortality rates, and temporal distribution. The retrospective analysis identified 290 confirmed cases reported between 2022 and 2023, with a total incidence case estimate of 13.5 per 100,000 individuals. The highest proportion was found among housewives (36%), followed by animal’s owners (21%) and animal’s sellers (16%). The mortality rate was estimated to be2.1 per 100,000 individuals, with a case fatality rate of 15.5%. The temporal analysis revealed a peak incidence in June 2022 (1.86 per 100,000 individuals) and May 2023 (1.53 per 100,000 individuals), highlighting seasonal patterns in disease transmission. The study concluded that CCHF is endemic disease in Thi-Qar province, and therefore, intervention programs are urgently needed to mitigate the risk of new cases. The suggested control program should include the application of acaricides to reduce tick infestations, the enforcement of regulations to prevent illegal animal slaughtering, and public awareness campaigns to improve the knowledge about the disease.

This work was conceived as a contribution to the study of the cytotoxicity of different ‌concentrations of cerium ‌oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs≥25nm, nanoceria) (10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 ‌‌µg/ml) against two cell lines involves breast epithelial HBL-100 and Rat’s Embryonic Fibroblast ‌‌(REF) in vitro, by using MTT assay technique. The results showed that the nanoceria reduced ‌significantly the cell viability of HBL-100 at all concentrations compared with the control, except ‌the concentration 60 µg/ml that reduced the cell viability without significant differences compared ‌with control, the IC50 value of the nanoceria for the HBL-100 was 81.00 µg/mL. While, the cell ‌viability of REF was reduced with high significant difference by all nanoceria’s concentrations ‌compared with control, and the IC50 value of the nanoceria was 1.56 µg/mL. So, we ‌may conclude ‌that nanoceria with the >25nm particle size have high cytotoxicity for REF cell line at low and ‌high concentration compared with the HBL-100 cell viability that decreased exponentially with ‌the concentration. ‌

Out of 200 milk samples collected from apparently normal cows in Basrah province from 21 November 2023 to 6 February 2024, 95 (48)% were positive for the CMT test. This study used various techniques to detect the presence of staphylococcus aureus, including conventional microbiological assays (mannitol salts agar and CHROMagar™ Staph aureus) and molecular methods (amplifying the nuc gene using polymerase chain reaction ). The percentage of S. aureus isolates was 38 (19 % ).From 38 ( 19 %) S. aureus isolates, 27 (71%) carried the mecA gene, 6 (16%) carried pvl, while none of the isolates carried the mecC gene.

AbstractThe potential of natural extracts in cancer treatment has garnered significant attention, particularly for their ability to target cancer cell proliferation. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of bile juice extracted from the Iraqi Eastern Green Frog were investigated on two cancer cell lines: SK-GT-4 (esophageal cancer) and AMGM (glioblastoma). This study demonstrated the dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of Iraqi frog bile juice on both SK-GT-4 and AMGM cancer cell lines. MTT assay results showed that bile juice significantly inhibited cell proliferation, with the highest concentrations (6000 µg/ml and 2000 µg/ml) showing substantial inhibition. For SK-GT-4 cells, the inhibition reached 79.35% at 6000 µg/ml, while for AMGM cells, the inhibition was 67.54% at the same concentration. At lower concentrations (500 µg/ml), inhibition was minimal, with SK-GT-4 cells showing only a 7.85% inhibition and AMGM cells showing 2.02%. The IC50 values were calculated as 1674 µg/ml for SK-GT-4 and 1879 µg/ml for AMGM cells. The results suggest that bile juice from the Iraqi Eastern Green Frog possesses significant anticancer activity, particularly against esophageal cancer (SK-GT-4) and glioblastoma (AMGM) cells, with a clear dose-dependent response. These findings highlight the potential of frog bile as a natural agent for cancer treatment. Future studies should focus on isolating and identifying the active compounds in the bile, exploring their mechanisms of action, and evaluating their therapeutic potential in vivo.

The mammary tissue gets inflamed when it is affected by mastitis. Inflammation is indicated by changes in the appearance and color of clots, also by an increase in milk cell counts. The current research sought to determine how leukocytes alter Interleukin (IL) 6 concentrations in milk and the role of nontuberculous mycobacteria concentration (NTM) as an accusatory agent in subclinical mastitis (SCM). The major screening method for subclinical mastitis in samples of cow's milk was Modified Whiteside Test (MWT). A total of 58 out of 70 (82.9%) exhibited positive SCM reactions, according to the test results; of these, 22 out of 70 (31.5%) had a strong SCM reaction (+++ve), 25 (35.7%) had a slight (1.5%) SCM reaction (++ve), and 11 (15.7) had a moderate SCM reaction (++ve). The 16s rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for confirming the existence of NTM spp in the examined cow's milk samples. Out of 70 milk samples, 3 (4.3%) had positive PCR results. ELISA test was used to ascertain the impact of somatic cell count on concentration of IL-6 in cow's milk. The test's findings have shown that there was a significant variation (P<0.05) in the mean concentration regarding IL-6 in SCM milk. Cow's milk samples with considerable SCM reaction (++ve) had a higher mean IL-6 concentration (474.5670), while milk samples with modest SCM reaction (+ve) had a lower mean IL-6 concentration.