Twenty healthy adult Carp fish were collected from Dijlah river in Iraq in Summer and winter times of the year (Ten for each ). The fish were sacrificed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Routine histological preparations were carried out. Hematoxylin - Eosin stain was used. The finding of the current study showed that clear connective tissue capsule was not observed. Instead, wide loose connective tissue was surrounded the follicles. The thyroid follicles were distributed individually or in groups in the kidney and sub pharyngeal region( around the ventral aorta). The thyroid tissue was represented by thyroid follicles of different sizes and shapes. In Carp fish, the building up and organization of the follicular cells of thyroid follicles were simple and poorly organized. There was a close relationship between the morphological state of thyroid follicles and the season( temperature). The results of the present study also demonstrated that the spread of thyroid follicles in summer was more than in winter where the follicles appeared as aggregated at the periphery of renal tissue and also the results of this study showed that large and small follicles were combined. The study also registered that, during winter, the large follicles were mostly formed by the aggregation of smaller ones and that according to the physiological status of the thyroid tissue. The study concluded firstly that these follicles had the ability to wandered within the renal tissue. Moreover, the study concluded that the thyroid follicle was dynamic structure, and their sizes depending on the amount of colloid present within .

The present study aimed to investigate the histological ,histochemical changes of thyroid gland in case of induced hypothyroidism by carbimazole in domestic female rabbits . Histological results revealed many histpathological changes compared with the control group there are hyperatrophy of follicular epithelium , hemorrhage ,edema and damage in the epithelium lining of the follicles. Histochemical results revealed alterations in normal distribution of glycoprotein inside follicles of thyroid gland in hypothyrodic groups.

The present study was conducted to determine the histological and Molecular changes in the spleen of adult male Japanese quail after being exposed to effect of thermal stress was recorded. This study included two groups, each group consisting twelve male birds, the control group (A) was exposed to normal temperature for 45days, while the group (B) exposed to temperature (42OC) for 45 days. The histological and molecular changes were studied during (15, 30 and 45) days of the experiment, histological changes in spleen were represented by necrosis, degeneration hemorrhage and shrinkage fibrosis of lymphocytic nodules, cytoplasmic vaculation, infiltration of lymphocytes, metamorphosis of lymphocyte, nuclei pyknotic, dilation in the central vein of lymphatic nodules, edema, dilation of sinusoids and congested blood vessels. Molecular examination showed that the heat shock protein (hsp70) gen is present in temperature group that is also found in the control group. This confirms that the hsp70 gen is present in birds at normal and abnormal conditions.

This study was carried out in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine /Basrah University to evaluate the effect of lignan extract of flax seed on haematological, biochemical parameters and histological examination in female rats, compared with conjugated estrogen drug. For this purpose, eighteen female rats weighed (180-200g) and aged (4-5 months) was divided into 3 equal groups (6 rats / group) for 14 days. First group: Drenched 1ml of normal saline (0.9% of NaCl)for 14 days. Second group: Drenched 0.10mg/kg B.W of conjugated estrogen dissolved in normal saline (0.9% of NaCl) for 14 days. Third group: Drenched 20mg/kg B.W of lignan extract of flaxseeds dissolved in normal saline (0.9% of NaCl)for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from heart by cardiac puncture from all experimental animals. These samples are used for the measurement of haematological and biochemical parameter as well as hormonal assy. Thyroid glands, liver, kidneys, ovaries and uterus were removed for histopathological study. The results revealed that, the female rats treated with lignan extract of flax seeds showed an increase in body weight. The result also showed that treated female rats with phytoestrogen had no significant effect on blood parameters except a significant effect on lymphocytes. (P≤ 0.05) in serum lipid profile except HDL compared to control. Moreover the results of biochemical parameters were indicated the affected in female rats treated with lignan extract that the revealed a significant(P≤ 0.05) decrease in serum lipid profile except HDL-Ch of female rats treated with lignan extract compared with the control group. Also the treatment with lignan extract caused significant (P≤ 0.05) increase in LH hormone, estradiol and progesterone compared with .While it has no significant effect on FSH. The treatment showed some ameliorative effect on histological structure of studied organs.

Eighty three local isolates of fungi were isolated from different resources (Peanuts , maize, rice, wheat, bread , domestic cheese of sheep, Milk local Cream, Iranian cream, Roquefort cheese and soil). These isolates were purified and identified, it include 14 isolates of Aspergillus flavus, 13 Aspergillus niger,8 Aspergillus terreus,3Aspergillus parasaticus,3Alternaria spp.,15Penicilliumspp.,7Fusarium spp.,5 Trichoderma spp., 11 Rhizopus spp. and 7Mucor spp. The ability of isolates for producing aflatoxin were tested, the toxic isolates(Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus terreus ,and Aspergillus parasaticus) were removed.Aspergillus niger which was isolated from maize was choosing as the best lipoxygenase producer after Primary and secondary screening. The growth of the selected isolate colonies had the largest proportion than the Colonies of Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp..all so the same isolate had high enzymatic activity 801.4units/ml, while Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp. had (559.2 and 120) units/ml respectively.

  This study was conducted to report the pathological changes in tissues taken from ewes suffering from emaciation and cachexia with referring to the most implicated possible diseases causing them, since emaciation lead to cachexia were the most devastating causes of life followed by economic losses in ewes has been planned and made.This scientific work was designed to collection samples with and histopathological study which were carried out on tissues in twenty old weak ewes purchased from local market in Amara city south of  Iraq. Tissue samples included multiple pieces of livers, lungs, and intestine which have been used in histopathological work. Results showed changes in all tissues taken from all animals of  the study ranged from thickening of the alveolar septa with interstitial hemorrhage and hyperplasia of bronchial epithelium in the lungs to complete atrophy of the intestinal villi, mucosal denudation, and mild mucosal inflammation in small intestine and mild bridging fibrosis in the centrilobular area in the liver. Results indicated that autopsied ewes had liver lesions occurrence 75%, intestinal lesion 70%, and lung lesion 65%, in all animals of the study , however within the same animals results were indicated that liver and lung lesions 60% , liver and intestinal lesions 55%, lung and intestine lesions 55%, and liver, lung and intestine lesions50%. It had been concluded from this study that aged cachectic and emaciated ewes have a dramatic pathological changes in their internal vital organs and tissues and the possible causes of these changes are an underling debilitating chronic disease states that render the affected animals weak and unhealthy animals.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ursolic acid, hyperinsulinemia and vitamin B complex in skeletal muscle, which represented by Gastrocnemius muscle after sciatic nerve crush in diabetes mellitus male rabbits, determine their effects on some biochemical parameters which include insulin, total serum protein (TSP) and skeletal muscle protein percentage and detect their effects on histological structures of the skeletal muscle represented by Gastrocnemius muscle. The results of our study showed that there is a significant increase of insulin in diabetic rabbits and this increase is continued in all treatment groups with a higher level range of (3.56-8.4 µu/ ml); the lowest significant increase is with vitamin B complex treated group. Our study illustrated that Induction of diabetes has no significant effect on skeletal muscle protein percentage but has a significant effect on total serum protein, while all treatment groups caused a significant increase in skeletal muscle protein percentage and total serum protein. Histological sections of the Gastrocnemius muscle represent some changes happened due to sciatic nerve crush injury, such as some distraction in skeletal muscle fibers, splitting and atrophy of others as well as there is an increase in thickness of fibrous tissue separating them. There is a good regeneration of muscle fibers with little splitting phenomena; also there is a clear formation of muscle cell nuclei, which indicate an improvement of muscle after different treatment.

This paper was designed to evaluate the kitchen insects bacterial mechanical vectors (Cockroaches) and its impact on individual and community health in Taif, KSA, the mean incidence of bacterial loads turbidity were (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th group); (98.0, 97.2, 96.9, 96.5 and 96.2%) respectively, the mean was 96.96%. The mean incidence of bacterial growth evaluation were (+++ = heavy growth) in all groups, were in (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th group); (78.5, 77.2, 76.3, 76.1 and 76.0%) respectively, the mean revealed 76.82%. The mean incidence of bacterial Colony Forming Unit (CFU) / mL evaluation, the mean was (3.3 X 105) / mL, were (3.8, 3.5, 3.3, 3.1 and 2.9 X105) / mL, for (3rd, 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th group) respectively. The mean incidence of bacterial Spp were isolated, which produced 12 bacterial Spp were (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus Spp and Citrobacter Spp) as (19.1, 16.2, 13.3, 12.2 and 8.3%) respectively, followed by bacteria (Shigella Spp, Staph. Spp, Strept. Spp, Serratia Spp, Bacillus Spp, Salmonella Spp and Campylobacter Spp) were (7.5, 6.4, 4.5, 4.2, 3.8, 2.4 and 2.1%) respectively. The conclusions confirmed the role of Cockroaches as a bacterial mechanical vector, which transferred and dropped of the pathogenic bacteria which caused food contamination, food poising and infectious diseases, that effected on the individuals and community health. So the insect control center (Insecticiders) must be arranged to eradicate the Cockroaches and also the kitchens hygiene must be improved to protect the individuals and community health.

The present study was conducted to determine detect the infection rate of Giardiasis in local canine breeds of Basrah, Iraq. Two hundred and twenty-five (225) fecal samples were collected from dogs of both sexes from March to October 2016. Suspected animals either asymptomatic (56.7%) or symptomatic (43.3%) the suspected dogs show different clinical signs such as diarrhea (6.66%), pasty feces (13.33%), steatorrhea (8.00%), anorexia (10.66%), emaciation (15.55%) and vomiting (0.88%). Diagnosis of Giardia spp was done on basis of microscopic examination which detects Giardia cyst and trophozoite with infection rate (40 %), moreover, it was confirmed by ELISA technique(Giardia-specific antigen) to detect (75.55%) was infected with G. lamblia with a high infection rate comparison with microscopic examination. It had been shown that high infection rate (43.75%) was detected in March than the lowest in July (34.78%). Moreover infection with Giardia was found more common at (1 day to 6 months) of age; furthermore, females show infection rate more males. It has been concluded that giardiasis affected canine of Basrah city lead to substantial effect, therefore animals must be screened periodically.

The oral use of pregabalin was evaluated in this study to reveal its effects on some hematological and biochemical parameters of laboratory mice. The animals of this study were divided into three groups (twelve mice each). The control group was fed on a standard ration. The first treated group (Pregabalin 1) were dosed orally with one ml of distilled water containing Pregabalin (20 mg/ml/mice/ day). The second treated group (Pregabalin 2) were dosed orally with one ml of distilled water containing pregabalin (40mg/ml/mice/ day). The experiment continued for two successive months. The results showed that the use of pregabalin caused a significant declination in R.B.C., HGB, HCT, W.B.C., M.C.V., MCH, and MCHC of both treated groups compared them with control group and the declination was more significant in (pregabalin 2) group compared with (pregabalin 1) group. The RDW-CV, RDW-SD, and PLT increased significantly in both treated groups as compared with those of the control group. However, PCT, PDW and MPV were not affected by the use of pregabalin except the MPV of (Pregabalin 2) group was significantly less than that of (Pregabalin 1) but without a significant difference compared with that of control. The Fe++, and GLU decreased significantly in both treated groups compared with the control and they declined more significantly in (Pregabalin 2) compared with (Pregabalin 1). Both the TP and Ca++ did not affected by the use of pregabalin compared with the control group (P≤0.05)