Bacillus thuringiensis is a ubiquitous a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, produces various proteins (toxins) during the stationary and vegetative phase of its growth cycle. Some of these proteins belonging to this group showed weak similarities to ß-barrel pore-forming toxic proteins, such as the cytotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, alpha-toxin of Clostridium septicum. In the present study, the intoxication effects of Cry51Aa1 protein produced by B.thuringiensis F14-1 strain was evaluated in vivo, in order to investigate the ability of activated Cry51Aa1 to make a change in size or functions of zebrafish cardiovascular system and induces toxicity in adult zebrafish. Using in vivo imaging we observed that Cry51Aa1 has no scientific effect on cardiac function and development of zebra fish embryo or have toxic effect on adult in spite of use high concentration, so it is safe to use and a potentially effective agent in breast cancer therapy.

Mosquitoes apply very important impact on people life, and their control, day by day, is getting harder and harder. This difficulty comes from different issues such as insecticide resistance. The gut microbiome (GM) in different animals has been discovered to add principle influence on the gastrointestinal tract physiology. For example, GM participates in degradation of some poisonus chemicals into safer molecules that could be handled by the animal host. Eukaryotic cytochrome P450 has been detected to inseret some degradation processes in other animal models such as zebra fish. However, these effects are not yet known in mosquitos. In order to stand on these problems and find if the prokaryotic P450 is involved, this study had been done to find out if the GM has any role in developing such resistance in mosquitos. Larvae were used in this experiment which exposed to benzothiozole (BZT) to trigger the hypothetical role of prokaryotic P450. By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the result indicates that the bacterial P450 was initiated and might be involved in the BZT exposure handling

Laboratorial experiments were carried out on juvenile and adults of A. latus to estimate and compare the effect of direct transfer from the control salinity of 1.5 psu to the different salinities of 1.5, 7.5, 15, 30 and 45 psu during the periods of 6, 24, 48 and 96hrs for short term effect experiments. Some physiological parameters (PCV, Osmotic pressure, muscles water content, total protein, glucose, sodium Na+, potassium K+ and chloride Cl-) were tested in plasma of the two age stages. Results for all parameters showed a clear ability of adults to Osmoregulate and adapt a wide range of salinities ranged from 1.5 psu to 45 psu and explain why juvenile die at the salinity 45 psu after 48 hrs of transport by showing the insufficiency of juvenile to Osmoregulate and the high exhaustion of body activities in this salinity. The results indicated that the salinity increase caused an increase in plasma PCV, osmotic pressure, (sodium, potassium and chloride ions), total protein and glucose. Also, a decrease in water content of muscles of juvenile and adults. The time of 96 hrs was not enough for juvenile to reach the stable condition at high salinities, while adults showed more constancy at the end time of experiment in all salinities.

Lieshmania metacyclic promastigotes are transmitted during blood meals after development inside the gut of the sandfly vector. The isolation from axenic cultures of procyclic and metacyclic promastigotes by peanut lectin agglutination followed by differential centrifugation is controversial in Leishmania major . The purpose of this study was to isolate both fractions simultaneously from the same population in stationary phase of axenic culture. We have confirmed the increased infection rate of PNA− promastigotes by inoculation in BALB/c mice infection experiments. These data support that metacyclic promastigotes are related with infectivity and the lack of agglutination with PNA is a phenotypic marker for this subpopulation.

In this study the seroprevalence of active toxoplasmosis represented by T. gondii IgM in angora goats was detected in Zakho and Semel districts of Duhok provinceIraq for the first time. T. gondii antibodies were detected at the laboratory of college of Veterinary Medicine of Duhok University from April 2009 to May 2010. Ninety two (92) serum samples were collected from clinically healthy adults’ angora goats (54 and 38 were obtained from Semel and Zakho, respectively). Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was applied and the overall infection rate was %13.04. Results show that the infection rate was different between the two regions with a higher rate recorded in Zakho. Female and older animals were affected with higher infection rates than males and younger animals. It can be concluded that toxoplasmosis is an active infection among angora goats of Duhok province, therefore145 for more biosecurity measures and to minimize the zoonotic impact of the disease all animals must be screened periodically.