Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms are still a problem in Indonesia, both humans and animals. The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has an impact on increasing morbidity, mortality, and health care. The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has also been found in livestock, which can threaten human health. This situation has led many researchers to search for new bioactive compounds as alternative antibiotic candidates to fight multidrug resistant bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. This study aimed to discuss and determine the development of endophytic bacteria isolated from several plants so we can know the role of endophytic bacteria in producing bioactive compounds, especially for application in veterinary medicine. Endophytic bacteria provide great potential to produce various new bioactive compounds obtained from secondary metabolite compounds from their host. Plants are one of the hosts for endophytic bacteria. Bioactive compounds from endophytic bacteria are widely used in health and veterinary applications as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. This shows that endophytic bacteria can be a promising source of new antibiotics to overcome the problem of pathogenic bacterial resistance and disease in the world of animal health which also threatens human health. This review discusses some aspects in the phytochemistry of endophytic bacteria producing bioactive compounds and its application in veterinary medicine.

This research aimed to determine the accuracy of the progesterone test kit for milk and blood as means of early pregnancy diagnosis in Ettawa cross goats (PE). Five lactating PE goats were used in this study and were synchronized with PGF2α intramuscularly. The result is that all goats showed a sigh of estrus. Four goats were mated naturally, while one other was not mated. The determination of day-0 was when the females were standing heat. Early pregnancy diagnosis using dairy cow test strips performed 18-22 days after mating or post-estrus. The accuracy of the diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound examination on day 35 after mating/post estrus. Diagnosis using the milk progesterone kit showed negative results for five days of examination in all goats, whereas using the blood progesterone kit showed positive results in four goats. When confirmed, using ultrasound showed one goat was diagnosed as not pregnant, and four other goats were diagnosed pregnant. It can be concluded that the use of progesterone dairy cow pregnancy test strip kits is effectively used to diagnose early pregnancy in PE goats with high accuracy in blood samples (100%) and low accuracy in milk samples (20%).

Cultivating catfish is one of the businesses that are of interest in Indonesia. The success of cultivation begins to be determined by the provision of seeds. Healthy seeds lead to a high survival rate, and unhealthy seeds due to disease will cause a high mortality rate, causing losses in the cultivation business. Bacterial infectious diseases Edwardsiella tarda can cause a low survival rate of catfish seeds, and even the death rate can reach 100%. This study aimed to evaluate and determine the best dosage of asam sunti in feed to control the pathogenic bacteria E. tarda infection in catfish. Asam sunti was given through feed with different treatment doses, with concentrate 0% (K), 0.5% (P1), 1% (P2), 2% (P3), and 4% (P4) for 14 days after being infected with pathogenic bacteria. The effect of giving asam sunti was measured by observing the survival of fish. The results showed that the administration of asam sunti could control the bacterial diseases of E. tarda bacteria sequentially control (K) is 0%, (P1) is 16.67%, (P2) 40%, (P3) 66.67%, and (P4) 90%. From these results, it can be concluded that the 4% asam sunti dose is the best dose for the survival of catfish seeds, with the survival rate for pathogenic bacteria E. tarda at 90%.

The gut microbiota has a major contribution in human physiology and influences disease pathogenesis, including in tuberculosis (TB) lung infection. Gut-lung axis has demonstrated the interplay of these two organs, mediated by metabolites produced by the gut microbes or derived from host molecules transformation. Tryptophan (Trp) is one of the essential aromatic amino acids catabolized as kynurenine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), and indole derivatives, including indole propionic acid (IPA), via 3 pathways. The latter was microbiota-derived Trp catabolism, which has known to have an immunomodulatory role, as ligands for Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). Intriguingly, Mycobacterium tuberculosis required Trp as a nitrogen source, especially in CD4+ T cells-generated stress, to survive in the phagosome of macrophage and to cause disease. Recently, IPA is identified as a new anti-mycobacterial compound, which is specific and has broad spectrum of anti-mycobacterial activity. The structural similarity of this gut microbiota-derived metabolite and Trp allows IPA to inhibit the TrpE anthranilate synthase in Trp biosynthesis pathway in Mtb. In this review, we summarize findings from recent work by focusing on the role of Trp metabolites in host cells in TB infection.  A better understanding of this chemical signal could potentially serve as a novel strategy for managing this chronic inflammatory disease.

Abortifacient pathogens such as bacterial [Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Leptospira interrogans ser., Coxiella burnetii, Campylobacter spp., Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp.], mycotic [Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp.], protozoan [Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp.], and viral [Blue tongue virus (BTV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)] pathogens are challenges for the productive and reproductive performance of ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) globally. No comprehensive report on epidemiology, associated risk factors, or economic burden of these infectious pathogens is available for Nigeria. This review estimated the distribution and burden of abortive pathogens in ruminants in Nigeria for the last twenty-two years (2000-2022). Research articles reporting the detection of any of the above-mentioned abortive pathogens in ready-to-slaughter ruminants (RTSR), sick ruminants (SR), and ruminants with abortive history (RWAH) in Nigeria were accessed using different repositories, including Google Scholar, Proquest, PubMed, ResearchGate and Scopus to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and associated risk factors. From a total of 140 articles selected for this review, eight bacterial, four viral, two parasitic, and two mycotic infectious agents were reported for Nigeria. This study reveals a prevalence of 28.2% viral agents, 14.43% bacterial pathogens, 14.24% protozoans, and 28.1% fungal agents in the reported tested samples. Brucellosis was the most often reported among bacterial diseases, followed by leptospirosis and listeriosis. PPRV infection was the most common viral disease, followed by BTV. Additionally, two parasitic diseases, neosporosis and toxoplasmosis, and two mycotic diseases, aspergillosis and candidiasis, were reported. In this study, stillbirth and abortion were recorded in 49.2% of sheep with PPRV, 58.95% in goats with Chlamydophila abortus and PPRV, and 6.4% in cattle with Brucella abortus and Histophilus somni infections. Lack of vaccines, open markets, and extensive husbandry systems were among the risk factors associated with different abortive pathogens. This study is a useful tool for researchers and government officers in risk assessment and management of livestock to improve livestock production in Nigeria

intracellular pathogen Brucella and the free-living bacteria Ochrobactrum are both α-proteobacteria and very close to each other. A group of researchers recently clustered Ochrobactrum strains into the genus Brucella according to a BLAST distance approach. Thus, we performed a deeper comparative genetic analysis for eleven Ochrobactrum strains and twelve different Brucella isolates to demonstrate important differences between these bacteria. In addition to the clear differences between Brucella and Ochrobactrum, like the differences in genes contents, and different genome sizes, the Brucella-specific gene bscp31 was not found in Ochrobactrum, as well as other important Brucella-specific proteins and virulence factors. Differences in antimicrobial resistance genes content and the presence or absence of plasmids were obvious between Brucella and Ochrobactrum spp. Genome alignment of Brucella spp. and Ochrobactrum spp. revealed a genome similarity of 85.7% maximum, whereas all analyzed Brucella spp. in this study had a similarity of 97.6-99.9%, and all compared Ochrobactrum spp. 82.6-98.0%. Because of these facts mentioned in this work, Brucella and Ochrobactrum should be considered separate genera

Background: Brucellosis is an important infectious zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It has global significance due to its adverse effects on public health, economics, and trade of animals and animal products. The causative agents of brucellosis, which have no plasmids or toxins and show distinctive virulence, are most significantly represented by intracellular survival. The commonly used antimicrobial drugs are not capable of entering the Brucella-infected cells that are safe from antibiotic treatment, but such treatments are only effective in the bacteremia phase of infection. Reports on the therapeutic management and cure of bovine brucellosis are limited in the literature. Therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the combined oxytetracycline and streptomycin with benzylpenicillin injections in naturally Brucella-infected high-yielding dairy cross-breed cows. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the sero-molecular prevalence and therapeutic responses of combined oxytetracycline and streptomycin with benzylpenicillin in naturally Brucella-infected dairy cross-bred cows. Materials and Methods: Serum samples of 460 (290 from Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, 170 from Military Dairy Farm, Savar, Dhaka) lactating cross-bred cows along with their milk samples were collected randomly. Serum samples were screened for brucellosis with the Rapid Antigen Kit Test, Rose Bengal Test (RBT), and Milk ring test (MRT), and positive samples were tested further with PCR for confirmatory diagnosis. Out of 11 all tests positive cows, of which three had a history of abortion were selected for therapeutic trials with combined long-acting oxytetracycline @ 25 mg/kg BW 3 doses at 24-hour intervals via intrauterine injection and streptomycin @ 20 mg/kg BW with benzylpenicillin @ 40,000 IU/kg 5 doses at 24 hours interval via intramuscular injections. Blood samples of all the Brucella-negative control and pre- and post-treatment stages of all the Brucella-infected cows were tested for Brucella by using PCR. Results: Out of 460 randomly collected serum samples, 18 serum samples 3.9% (95% CI 2.4-6.2) were found positive using RBT and Rapid Antigen Kit Test and 13 of the samples 2.8% (CI 1.5-4.9) were positive respectively. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 3.9% (95% CI 2.4-6.2) using RBT and Rapid Antigen Kit Test and 2.8% (CI 1.5-4.9) using Milk Ring Test, respectively. The odds of brucellosis were 7.4 times (95% CI: 2.5-21.5) higher in cows with repeat breeding than those without repeat breeding. Moreover, the seroprevalence of brucellosis was significantly higher (Odds ratio: 15.7; 95% CI: 5.2-47.4) in cows with retention of fetal membranes than without retention of fetal membranes. Base pair PCR 602. However, of the three treated cows, three became pregnant on artificial insemination with a normal reproductive cycle which needs to explore its status in further research. Conclusions: Combined antibiotic with oxytetracycline (I/U) and streptomycin with benzylpenicillin (I/M) against clinical Brucella infection showed some encouraging results and can be implemented at the field level.