Objective: Camel mastitis is indeed a serious problem that can have significant impacts on animal health and production as well as pose a potential public health hazard. This work aimed to identify the bacterial species responsible for camel mastitis and evaluate the associated immunological and clinicopathological alterations in infected camels. Materials and Methods: Raw milk and blood samples were collected from 40 apparently healthy she-camels, and 40 she-camels suffered from clinical mastitis (CMG). Milk samples were sub¬jected to bacteriological examination. Serum immunological, biochemical, and hematological parameters were estimated and statistically analyzed. Results: Similar bacterial species were obtained from the two groups with different isolation rates. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli were the dominant species in the apparently healthy group, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus were the dominant species in CMG. A significant (p < 0.05) elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APPs), free radicals, total protein, Glob, kidney and liver function tests, and triglyceride concentrations were detected in CMG, and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine, antiox¬idants, Alb, glucose, and T/LDL/HDL-cholesterol concentrations was observed in CMG. Microcytic hypochromic anemia with hypoferremia, hypotransferrinemia, hyperferritinemia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis was depicted in CMG. The estimated pro-inflammatory cytokines, APPs, and total anti¬oxidant capacity (TAC) yielded high sensitivity and specificity, but the highest likelihood ratio was for TAC, fibrinogen (Fb), and ferritin, and the highest percentages of increase were for IL-1α and IL-1β. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of hygienic preventive measures to control camel mastitis and the importance of supportive treatment to reverse the hemato-biochemical and iron profile changes that result from the immune response in mastitic she-camels. TAC, Fb, ferritin, IL-1α, and IL-1β are good biomarkers for camel mastitis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 284-291]

Objective: The feeding effects of DoLa (a combination of Dayak onion extract and probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus) on hematological indices and lymphoid organs as indicators of broiler health status were evaluated in the present study. Materials and Methods: 192 1-day-old unsexed broilers of the CP 707 strain with a body weight of 46.43 ± 1.65 gm were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments with 6 replications. The dietary treatments applied were basal diet (BD) as a control with a code of DoLa0, BD + 0.1% DoLa (DoLa1), BD + 0.2% DoLa (DoLa2), and BD + 0.3% DoLa (DoLa3). The parameters monitored included hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), heterophile (H), lymphocyte (L), white blood cell (WBC), heterophile-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, the lymphoid organs (bursa Fabricius, spleen, and thy¬mus) relative weight, as well as carcass weight. Results: The results indicated a significant improvement in WBC, L, and carcass weight (p < 0.05) as the feeding level of DoLa increased while the H and H/L ratio decreased. However, the dietary inclusion of DoLa did not affect the lymphoid organs' relative weight, RBC, and Hb concentrations. Conclusion: The mixture at 0.3% significantly improved health status through the indicators of hematological indices, lymphoid organs, and carcass weight of broilers. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 269-274]

Objective: This study was conducted to validate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a confirma¬tory diagnostic tool to find out the presence and frequency of Streptococcus agalactiae (S. aga¬lactiae) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) in mastitic milk samples obtained from dairy cows in the southern region of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 196 samples of bovine milk were collected from various dairy farms in the Chattogram metropolitan area of the southern part of Bangladesh. DNA extracted from isolates obtained by culturing California mastitis test (CMT)-positive mastitic milk samples (n = 146) on 5% sheep blood agar was used as a template for PCR. Two sets of specific primers based on the 16S rRNA gene were used to discriminate between S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae. Four PCR products were subjected to sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Results: The PCR analyses revealed that out of the 146 CMT-positive milk samples tested, 29 samples were positive for S. agalactiae (19.86%), while 26 samples were positive for S. dysgalac¬tiae (17.81%). Further sequence analysis of the corresponding PCR products and bioinformatics analysis verified the results. Conclusion: The study proves the efficiency of PCR as a useful diagnostic approach to determine the presence and prevalence of S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae in mastitic milk samples obtained from dairy cows. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 178-184]

Objectives: This study aimed to pinpoint the universality of extracellular antimicrobial resistance elements (eAREs) and compare the contents of eAREs with those of intracellular AREs (iAREs) in animal feces, thus laying a foundation for the further analysis of the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the animal guts. Materials and Methods: Extracellular DNAs were isolated from the fecal samples of Pavo cristatus (n = 18), Ursus thibetanus (n = 2), two breeds of broilers (n = 21 and 11, respectively), and from the contents of rabbit intestines (n = 5). eAREs were detected by PCR technology. iAREs in P. cristatus and broiler feces were also detected and compared with the corresponding eAREs. In addition, some gene cassettes of class 1 integrons were sequenced and analyzed. Results: The results showed that eAREs exist in animal feces and intestinal contents. In this study, different eAREs were detected from animal feces and intestinal contents, and tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, class 1 integron, and IncFIB presented the highest detection rates. The detection rates of certain eAREs were significantly higher than those of parallel iAREs. The integral cassettes with intact structures were found in eAREs, and the cassettes carried ARGs. Conclusions: The presented study here sheds light on the presence of eAREs in animal feces or guts, and eAREs may play an important role in the horizontal gene transfer of ARGs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 103-112]

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of using dried chaya leaf meal (DCLM) as a protein feed in a diet on growth performance, blood profiles, and carcass quality in a native Thai chicken. Materials and Methods: Eighty 14-day-old Pradu Hangdum chicks were divided into four groups with four replicates each: control (without DCLM), 10%, 20%, and 30% DCLM inclusion in mash feed. Growth performance was recorded weekly until 98 days of age. Blood profile, carcass quality, and visceral organ weight were measured at 98 days of age. Results: The 10%–30% DCLM inclusion in the diet did not affect feed intake or feed efficiency; however, the body weight gain of chicks decreased linearly with the increase in DCLM inclusion. The heterophils, eosinophils, and monocytes were linearly increased with the increasing DCLM levels in the groups. The serum blood chemistry did not differ among the groups, while the AST in 10% and 20% DCLM was lower than in the control. Increasing the level of DCLM in the chicken diet did not affect carcass quality. Conclusion: The DCLM can be used as a feed ingredient in Thai native chicken feed up to 20%. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 51-56]

Objective: This research was arranged to explore the effect of supplementation of a combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a new probiotic in fermented rice straw-based rations on in vitro digestibility and ruminal characteristics. Materials and Methods: A randomized group design with 3 types of treatment and 4 replications as a group was used in this study. A probiotic inoculum containing L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae with 1 × 1010 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml. Treatments were followed by: P1 = complete rations without probiotics (control), P2 = P1 supplemented 0.5% probiotics, and P3 = P1 supplemented 1% probiotics. Substrate complete rations were based on the fermented rice straw and concen¬trate (60%:40%). Parameters of digestibility and rumen fermentation products were determined after 48 h of incubation. Results: Probiotics supplemented with fermented rice straw-based rations significantly increased (p < 0.05) digestibility and rumen characteristics in vitro. Supplementation with 1% probiotics (P3) produces the highest digestibility compared to other treatments: in-vitro dry matter digestibil¬ity (IVDMD) (55%), in-vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) (58.28%), in-vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) (84.42%), in-vitro acid detergent fiber digestibility (IVADFD) (53.99%), in-vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) (58.39%), and in-vitro cellulose digestibility (IVCLD) (67.12%). Rumen pH (6.76–6.80) did not change significantly (p > 0.05) due to supplemented probiotics. Probiotic supplementation in rations significantly (p < 0.05) increased the content of NH3 and total volatile fatty acid (VFA). Supplementation with 1% probiotic (P3) showed the highest concentration of NH3 (26.56 mg/100 ml) and was also followed by the total VFA (115.75 mM) compared to the control (22.59 mg/100 ml and 103.00 mM, respectively). Conclusion: Supplementation of 1% probiotics (combination of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae) containing 1 × 1010 CFU/ml in fermented rice straw-based rations increases nutrient digestibility, that is, IVDMD, IVOMD, IVCPD, IVADFD, IVNDFD, and IVCLD, and also increases rumen fermenta¬tion, which is the concentration of NH3 and total VFA. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 96-102]

Objective: This study aimed to validate the analytical precision of the Accutrend® Plus portable electronic equipment (PE) to determine glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) in rats and dogs using the conventional laboratory method (CM) as a reference. Materials and Methods: To determine the analytical accuracy of the Accutrend® Plus in the mea¬surement of GLU, CT, and TG. The EP-9-A2 guide (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute), Bland-Altman graphical analysis, and Lin's correlation coefficient of concordance (CCC) were implemented. Results: The average differences (p > 0.05) between PE and CM for GLU, TC, and TG were 2.21, 1.20, and 0.72 mg·dl−1, respectively, in rats and 1.06, 4.30, and 2.41 mg·dl−1, respectively, in dogs (p > 0.05). Both methods showed a linear relationship with Pearson's correlation coefficients > 0.96 and R2 > 0.97 for the three biochemical indicators evaluated in both species. The GLU, TC, and TG values obtained by the PE were substantial, as evident from Lin's CCC > 0.96. Conclusion: The PE Accutrend® Plus is potent for monitoring GLU, TC, and TG in rats and dogs because of its precision and ability to facilitate measurement by reducing stress in animals during sampling. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 57-63]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of pathogenic bacteria that is a major problem in the world's health. Due to their frequent interaction with humans, pets are one of the main risk factors for the spread of MRSA. The possibility for zoonotic transmission exists since frequently kept dogs and cats are prone to contract MRSA and act as reservoirs for spreading MRSA. The mouth, nose, and perineum are the primary locations of MRSA colonization, according to the findings of MRSA identification tests conducted on pets. The types of MRSA clones identified in cats and dogs correlated with MRSA clones infecting humans living in the same geographic area. A significant risk factor for the colonization or transmission of MRSA is human-pet contact. An essential step in preventing the spread of MRSA from humans to animals and from animals to humans is to keep hands, clothing, and floor surfaces clean. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 1-13]

Objective: This study aimed to explore the incidence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus in raw milk and some Egyptian dairy products, namely Kariesh cheese and rice with milk. Material and Methods: 112 samples (70 raw milk, 30 Kariesh cheese, and 12 rice with milk) were randomly collected from different districts in Cairo and Giza, Egypt. The samples were examined for E. coli, S. aureus, and B. cereus presence. The susceptibility of the obtained isolates was tested against 11 antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method, and further, the presence of AMR genes was examined. Results: The incidences of E. coli, S. aureus, and B. cereus were 69.64%, 12.5%, and 16.7% in the examined samples, respectively. The antibiogram indicated that E. coli isolates (n = 60) were resistant to gentamycin (73.33%), ampicillin (AM, 53.3%), and cefotaxime (CTX, 16.66%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains (n = 5) were tested for β-lactams resistance genes. blaTEM was detected in all isolates, and two of them additionally carried blaCTX-M. Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n = 10) were resistant to AM (100%), followed by tetracycline (TE), CTX, and gentamycin (60% each). All MDR S. aureus strains (n = 4) carried blaZ and tetK, and three of them additionally carried aac(6')-aph (2''). Bacillus cereus isolates (n = 30) showed resistance to AM (100%), amoxi¬cillin (20%), and TE (6.66%). bla and tetA genes were detected in all MDR B. cereus isolates (n = 6). Conclusion: Our findings denote the high incidence of potential health hazards in raw milk and some of its products and the existence of AMR bacteria, including MDR strains, which can cause human illnesses that are difficult to treat. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 275-283]

Objective: This research was designed to assess the influence of the administration of a lithogenic diet, hydrogen peroxide, and vitamin AD3E on rabbits' gallstone formation and to envisage the expression of osteopontin (OPN) in their hepatic tissues. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four healthy local mature rabbits of both genders were divided into four equal groups. At the end of the feeding period, samples of blood were taken from all rab¬bits after they had fasted overnight to estimate the serum lipid profile. And some of the hepatic tissue has been preserved at −28°C for molecular analysis and gene expression. Results: The gallstones were formed 100% in the GIII and 50% in the GIV. The mRNA OPN expression showed a significant increase in the GIII when compared with other groups. In Groups III and II, the serum levels of total cholesterol, Triglyceride, L-C, low-density lipoprotein-choles, and VLDL-C were significantly increased when compared with GI, while in GIII, the serum level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was significantly decreased when compared with GI. Conclusion: It was concluded that the expression of the mRNA OPN was increased in the hepatic tissue of gallstone-formed rabbits. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(2.000): 301-307]