Objective: The investigation was undertaken to measure the epidemiological features and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Escherichia coli among different breeds of goats in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 150 rectal swab samples were collected from selected goats. The samples were subjected for the isolation of E. coli through a series of conventional bacteriological and biochemical techniques. The isolated E. coli were used for assessing antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion method. Besides prevalence study, nine risk factors were studied; the risk factors were- breed, age, hygienic status, sex, history of recent transportation, season, diarrhea, body condition score, and source of drinking water. Results: The overall prevalence of E. coli in the rectal swabs of goats was 52% (n=78/150). The young goats were highly susceptible (65.0%; n=52/80) to E. coli infection as compared to adults (37.1%; n=26/70). The prevalence was higher (66.7%; n=42/63) in the goats that was reared in poor hygienic condition as compared to the goats that were reared under good hygienic condition. The influence of the source of drinking water on E. coli prevalence was found to be higher both in pond (63.6%; n=7/11) and municipality (61.4%; n=51/83) supplied water as compared to tube-well (35.7%; n=20/56). The goats having recent transportation history showed higher prevalence (64.8%; n=35/54). The prevalence was higher in diarrheic goats (62.0%; n=49/79) than non-diarrheic goats. Among the E. coli isolates (n=78), 31 were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR) to 3 to 8 subclasses of antimicrobials. Conclusion: Presence of MDR E. coli in the studied goats suggest the probable acquisition, development and transmission of MDR E. coli through a number of influencing factors to other animals and potentially to human. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 166-172]

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the pathological effects of experimental trypanosomosis on the semen collection reaction time and spermatozoa morphology of Yankasa rams. Materials and Methods: Twelve apparently healthy Yankasa rams aging 24-30 months and weighing 22-25 Kg were randomly selected and were distributed into four (4) groups. Groups I and II were challenged with experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Federe strain) and T. evansi (Sokoto strain) respectively, while group III was challenged with both T. brucei brucei and T. evansi parasites. Group IV was left as uninfected control. Each infected ram received 2 mL of the infected blood containing 2x106 trypomastigotes via the jugular vein. The animals were examined for clinical observations, reaction time for semen collection and abnormalities in the morphology of the spermatozoa. Results: Infection of rams with trypanosomes showed scrotal edema, scrotal atrophy, loss of libido, increased semen collection reaction time, and significant increase of spermatozoa morphological abnormalities in all the infected rams. The rams especially in groups I and III were all deemed unfit for breeding by the end of the 98 days post infection, while the uninfected rams remained as healthy and had normal values of sperm morphology throughout the study period. Conclusion: Single or mixed interaction with T. brucei brucei or T. evansi is capable of causing infertility and reproductive failure in Yankasa rams. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 360-367]

Objective: Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis with global distribution. The disease remains endemic in many countries including Iran, while its seroprevalence in endemic area is not well documented. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats in Hamedan province, west of Iran. Material and methods: A total of 3,250 blood samples from 2,550 sheep and 700 goats were collected randomly. All samples were analyzed for the presence of Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal, Wright standard tube agglutination and 2-mercaptoethanol agglutination tests. Results: The seroprevalence rate of brucellosis in animals and flock level were found in 4.6% and 13.6% of goats and 3% and 27.9% of sheep, respectively. No evidence of correlation between gender and Brucella infection rate were found in animals (P>0.05). Statistical significant differences was seen between age groups and infection rate in goats (P=0.033, OR=2.1); unlike to sheep (P=0.373). Also, the infection rate in nomads population of sheep was higher than fix location animals (P=0.003; OR=1.9); unlike to goats (P=0.195). In animals with history of abortion and vaccination against brucellosis, seroprevalence rate was significantly lower than other (P<0.05). Conclusion: This is the first report of brucellosis in sheep and goats in Hamedan province. The design of a comprehensive control program including vaccination, screening, and culling of brucellosis-positive animals is recommended. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 399-405]

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the Sero-prevalence of Schistosoma species in cattle in Maiduguri Metropolis (MMC) and Jere Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and Method: Blood samples (n=200) from cattle were collected using a multistage sampling technique; 100 samples each were collected from MMC and Jere LGAs, respectively. The samples were subjected to screening for Schistosoma antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Age, sex, breed and location of cattle were recorded. Results: The overall prevalence of Schistosoma infection among cattle in MMC and Jere LGAs was 10%. Jere LGA had a prevalence rate of 14% and MMC had 6%. At the ward levels, Custom Area in Jere LGA had the highest number of Schistosoma positive (50%). Out of 103 female and 97 male cattle screened, the prevalence of Schistosoma infection in female and male were 9.71% (n=10/103) and 10.31% (n=10/103). Out of the 177 serum samples from cattle aging >1-year (adult) examined, 16 (9.04%) were positive, while only 4 (17.39%) out of 23 serum samples from cattle aging <1-year (young) were positive. Out of the eight (8) breeds screened, the highest number of cases was recorded in Kuri breed (16.22%). This was followed by Sokoto Gudali (10.9%) breed. The prevalence in other breeds was as follows: Abore- 10%, Red Bororo- 5.26%, and White Fulani- 6.67%. Conclusion: It is concluded that schistosomiasis in cattle was prevalent in MMC and Jere LGAs of Borno State. A regular checking program is suggested to constantly check out whether the prevalence rate is increasing, so that effective control measures can be strenthened. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 56-61]

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the some hematological values and ANAE-positive lymphocyte ratio of Jaydara sheep in Kyrgyzstan. The availability of information on hematological and biochemical parameters is essential to research conducted with an aim to increase yields in animal production. Materials and methods: The investigation was carried out on 60 healthy sheep aged between 2-3 years old. Leucocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), differential leucocyte ratios and ANAE-positive lymphocyte ratios were investigated in blood samples using an automated cell counter machine. Results: The leucocyte count in Jaydara sheep was found to 4.92+/-0.59 x 103/mm3. Similarly, erythrocyte count was 11.73+/-0.65 x 103/mm3. On the other hand, hemoglobin content in blood was 11.70+/-0.51 gm/dL. The hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values were 30.02+/-1.70 %, 25.64+/-1.28 and micro;3, 10.68+/-0.59 pg and 41.76+/-2.31% respectively. The differential leucocyte counts in Jaydara sheep were 42.53+/-1.13 (Neutrophil), 52.61+/-1.08 (Lymphocyte), 2.75+/-0.55 (Monocyte), 1.58+/-0.17 (Eosinophil), and 0.52+/-0.52 (Basophil). The ANAE-positive lymphocyte ratios in Jaydara sheep was found to be 65.00+/-2.55. Conclusion: The hematological parameters in healthy Jaydara sheep can be used as reference values for this particular sheep breed in future. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 8-12]

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Schistosoma infection in cattle in Maiduguri Metropolis (MMC) and Jere Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Borno State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Blood samples (n=200) were collected from cattle consisting of one hundred (100) each from five (5) ward levels each of MMC and Jere LGAs. DNA samples were extracted from the serum samples, analysed and quantified using a Nano-drop machine. The extracted DNA were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The overall prevalence of Schistosoma infection was 2% (n=200). Jere LGA had 3% (n=100) while MMC had 1% (n=100). There was no statistical significant association in prevalence rate in the two LGAs studied (P=0.621) (P>0.05). At the ward levels, Custom Area in Jere LGA had 15%, Jiddari ward in MMC had 5%, and the remaining ward levels had no cases. Of the 103 female and 97 male cattle screened, the prevalence in female was 1(0.97%) and 3(3.09%) in the male. Of the 177 serum samples from above 1year (adult) examined, 4 (2.26%) were positive and none in the young. There was no statistical significant association in prevalence rate among ward levels, sex groups and age groups in the study areas (P=0.621) (P>0.05), (P=0.356) (P>0.05) and (P=1.000) (P>0.05) respectively. Of the eight (8) breeds screened, Kuri had 2.7%, Sokoto Gudali (1.82%), Abore (2%), Red Bororo (2.63%), White Fulani, Porland, Mbala and Wafara recorded no cases. The difference in prevalence rates among the breeds based on the trend of occurrence of Schistosoma infection were not significantly associated statistically (P=1.000) (P>0.05). Conclusion: There is a prevalence of Schistosoma infection in cattle in the two LGAs of Borno state. It is recommended that a system be established to maintain preventive and control programs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 92-98]

Objective: This study was planned to assess the distribution of yeasts and moulds in different types of cheese, and to study the effect of natamycin on their survival during manufacture of Feta cheese and its storage. Materials and methods: A total of 150 samples of local manufactured cheese were collected randomly from markets of Qena city in Egypt which were subjected for mycological examination by traditional microbiological examinations. The effects of different concentrations of natamycin on survival of yeasts and moulds in Feta cheese at room temperature, refrigeration condition, and pH values were evaluated. Results: Highest yeasts and moulds contaminations were recorded in Kareish cheese with a mean value of 2.40x106+/-9.72x105 and 4.64x102+/-1.18x102, respectively. The isolated moulds were mostly Cladosporium, Penicillium and Aspergillus, while yeast genera were species of Candida and Debaryomyces hansenii. Yeasts and moulds could not be detected after 24 h, and after curd in Feta cheese samples containing natamycin (at 0.2% or 0.4%) when the cheese samples were stored either at room or refrigeration temperature. Gradual decrease of pH value was also recorded in the cheese. Conclusion: Natamycin has strong antifungal activity and can extend cheese shelf-life during storage period. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 214-220]

Objective: The present study was primarily undertaken to determine the seroprevalnace of Chlamidya abortus infection in the Libyan camel (Camelus dromedarius). Materials and methods: Serological tests for C. abortus antibodies were conducted with 245 camels (205 females and 40 males) in different localities in the western region of Libya. Animals varied in age from <1 to 20 years and were sampled randomly from both housed and nomadic herds. From each animal, 10 mL blood sample was collected and sera were separated. Antibodies in the sera against C. abortus were detected using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Results of this study showed that out of the 245 camels tested for anti-chlamydia antibodies, 30 were found positive giving an overall prevalence of 12.25%. The seroprevalence of chlamydiosis was 2 folds higher in females (14.00%) as compared to males (5.00%). Conclusion: The present findings signify the C. abortus as a potential agent to cause abortion in Libyan camel (C. dromedarius). Besides, the persons who handle camels in Libya are at risk of infecting with C. abortus. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 178-183]

Adipose tissue is the principal fat storing tissue which secretes various molecules known as adipokines. The major adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, chemerin and apelin. Adipokines are regarded as the and ldquo;marker of body metabolic status'' which maintains the body energy homeostasis. An adequate energy level is essential for the onset of puberty and ovarian functions. Adipokines act as energy sensor and signal the body energy level to hypothalamic neurons to regulate many physiological activities including ovarian functions such as onset of puberty, estrus behavior, follicular development and ovulation followed by corpus luteum (CL) formation and function in livestock. However, adipose tissue dysfunctions limit adipokines secretion leading to an imbalance in body energy level which ultimately affects the reproduction in livestock. This mini-review highlights the modulatory roles of various adipokines in ovarian functions of livestock. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 206-213]

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh and to estimate the percentage of disease occurrence in the pet animals. Materials and methods: A 2-month potential study was conducted to estimate the percentage (%) of disease occurrence and current status of emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. A total of 550 animals were examined and 358 data were collected from the disease registered book of the Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka and SA Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh during June and September, 2014. The data were analysed, and the results on the newly emerging diseases were expressed as percentage (%). Results: Among the most general pet animals in Bangladesh (dog, cat, rabbit), the mostly occured diseases were scabies (23.07%), feline ascariasis (37.14%) and rabbit mange (34.61%), while the less frequent diseases were canine parvovirus enteritis (2.19%), cat scratch disease (5.71%) and overgrown teeth (7.69%). Conclusion: The study provides basic information about the current status and the percentage (%) of disease occurrence considering the emerging diseases of pet animals in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 413-419]