To achieve a better diagnostic assay for the bovine tuberculosis, antigen cocktail composed of Ag85; rESAT-6 and rMPB-70 protein antigens were compared to the bovine tuberculin using ELISA test. The antigen cocktail could detect 80 % of the tuberculin negative cattle showed lesions in the post mortem examination compared to 60% with the PPD-B. For the tuberculin positive cattle, the results were 70% and 80% for the antigen cocktail and PPD-B respectively. On the other hand the antigen cocktail gave only 26.6% in sera of the tuberculin positive animals with non visible lesions compared to 53.3% with the PPD-B. 70% of the tuberculin negative cattle with localized lesions in the P/M examination reacted with the antigen cocktail compared to 50% only with the PPD-B. The results concluded the ability of the antigen cocktail to overcome the false negative results obtained with the tuberculin test and to detect the active recent infection of cattle which allow the rapid eradication of the infected animals from herds before the spread of the disease.

P. multocida contains one or more antigenic determinant of different proportions responsible for partial protection offered by the heterologous serovars. SDS-PAGE analysis of the whole protein profile prepared from sheep local isolates of P. multocida types (A, D), Mannheimia haemolytica type (A), P. trehalosi type (T) as well as standard strain of P. multocida (B6) revealed that the protein profile exhibited some differences with variable molecular masses ranged between 14 to 116 kDa. There are sharing protein subunits of molecular masses of 66, 37 and 28 kDa as the unique cross-reactive antigens in all isolates. The protection percentage for the vaccinated mice with inactivated M. haemolytica against the challenge with virulent strain of P. multocida type A, D and B6 are 30%, 30% and 20% respectively and 25%, 25% and 20% respectively in the groups of mice vaccinated with inactivated P. trehalosi so, there is cross reaction but limited cross protection between pasteurella isolates. The suggested vaccine must contain local isolates of P. multocida serotypes A, D and B6 as well as M. haemolytica and P. trehalosi.

A total of two hundreds of slaughtered animals; 50 each of cattle buffaloes, sheep and buffalo calves were collected from slaughterhouse Giza. Each animal was represented by muscular part, prenephric fat, liver, and kidneys. The Four Plate Technique (FPT) is intended to detect antimicrobial residues in collected samples. The liver samples showed high detection incidences (30, 16, 16 and 8%) in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively as compared to kidney samples (16, 12, 10 and 6% respectively). The lowest incidence was detected in fat samples (0%) followed by muscle samples (4%). High incidence was detected in medium I followed by medium II and III, finally medium IV as well as medium V which failed to be showed any incidence of detection. The tetracycline residues in tissues of slaughtered animals depend on husbandry as well as on withdrawal time after use. The liver (67 + 15, 50 + 14, 54 + 10 and 3 +0.8) and kidney (63 + 16, 46 + 12, 56 + 12 and 8 + 2) samples in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively showed high residual levels as compared with muscles and fat. The detection of sulfonamide residues in tissues of slaughtered animals may be attributed to misuse of these compounds for long term in animal feed as well as result in accumulation in animal tissues.

The antiviral activity of Curcuma longa against NDV on vero cell culture and in infected chicken was observed. The obtained results showed that low concentration of Curcuma longa 0.25% did not produce cytotoxicity on the vero cell. The effect of Curcuma longa on NDV titre was studied and the results revealed clearly that chickens treated with 1% Curcuma longa as Prophylactic also showed higher protection rate (90%), the chickens that treated with 0.5 % Curcuma longa showed protection rate (80%).Chicks that infected with NDV without treatment with Curcuma longa showed lower protection rate (8%). The chickens infected then treated with 1% Curcuma longa showed protection (65%) and the chickens infected then treated with 0.5% Curcuma longa showed protection (40%).

The susceptibility of the most common bacterial pathogens, namely E. coli, P. mirabilis and Ps. aeroginosa which were isolated from egg incubators and yolk sacs of randomly selected one day old Fayoumy chicks to three selected cephalosporins (cephradine, ceftiofur and cefquinome) were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the tested drugs and the effect of these antibiotics on the body weight gain, mortality and immune response against Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine of the same bread of chicks were also estimated. The tested organisms were sensitive to ceftiofur and cefquinome whereas E.coli and ps. aeroginosa were found to be resistant to cephradine. The results showed that mortalities were higher in control and cephradine treated groups, while it was lower in the ceftiofur and cefquinome treated groups. On the other hand, the lowest mean body weight was recorded in control group (155.7±6.55 gm) followed by ceftiofur treated group (162.5±2.06 gm) and the highest mean body weight was recorded in cefquinome treated group (183.5±1.66 gm, p < 0.01) at 30 days of age. The study revealed that the tested antibiotics not exert any immune suppressive effect against (ND) vaccine.

This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological status of fresh Tilapia nilotica, fresh Clarias lazera, frozen Mackerel and smoked Herring fish marketed in Beni-Suef City. The collected samples were examined for total bacterial count, coli form (MPN), faecal coli forms (MPN), E. coli (MPN), Staphylococcus aureus count, total proteolytic count, total lipolytic count, Aeromonas count and Pseudomonas count, as well as the isolation of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes. Most of the examined samples were within the permissible limits recommended by EOS and ICMSF, few samples of fresh Clarias lazera exceeded the recommended limits. The economic importance and public health significance of the isolated organisms were discussed.

Molecular detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida strain involved in a separate fowl cholera outbreak in a turkey flock farm located in El-Menofia Governorate, Egypt early 2008 was investigated. The isolated strain was compared with an Egyptian Pasteurella multocida isolate that was previously isolated from turkey flock during last decade besides four vaccinal strain (A:5, A:8, A:9 and D:2) on phenotypic and genotypic characterization basis. Phenotypically all the strains were similar as all the strains produce non haemolytic colonies on blood agar, and all the strains revealed similar biochemial behaviour. On the other hand, the genomic typing of all the stains using rep-PCR techniques [repetitive BOX elements, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] differentiated the six Pasteurella multocida strains into six different profiles. The molecular identity between the Pasteurella multocida 2008 strain and the previously isolated strain was 76.6 % and were ranged from 65.2% to 79.2% with the 4 vaccinal strains. These results reported the continuous mutations of the field Pasteurella multocida strains among poultry flocks in Egypt indicating the urgent need for the frequent and continuous molecular epidemiological investigations of fowl cholera outbreaks in various poultry flocks to detect these new strains and update the fowl cholera vaccines.

A total number of 50 genital tracts were collected from cows slaughtered at “Belefia” abattoir in “Beni-Suef” governorate, Egypt. The genitalia were inspected grossly and the ovarian activity was noticed. Tissue specimens were taken from the tips of uterine horns, fallopian tubes, ovaries of both sides. The fallopian tubes were cut and sampled at three levels namely, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus. All tissue specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain (Bancroft and Stevens 1996) and examined microscopically. The pathological changes in the fallopian tube in relation to lesions in the uterus and ovarian activity were investigated. The uterine pathological lesions were endometritis (12%), adenomyosis (12%), and cystic glandular hyperplasis (8%). Inflammation of the fallopian tube salpingitis, was graduated as mild degree(18%), moderate degree(2%), and severe degree (2%). The intraepithelial microcysts of the uterine tube represented 8% of the examined cases.

The present study is an endeavor for profound exploration about the effects of 2 commonly used molluscicides in Egypt (bayluscide and copper sulfate ) on some reproductive aspects in mature male Albino rats. For this purpose, 180 mature male Albino rats were used. Animals were equally divided into 3 groups; the 1st group was considered as controls administered distilled water while those of the 2nd and 3rd groups were administered distilled water containing 1 / 20 LD50 of either baylucide or copper sulfate every 3 days for 8 successive weeks. The results of the present study revealed that administration of either molluscicides induced a serious drastic decline in the levels of the reproductive hormones; an effect which was not completely reversed after removal of the molluscicide for 8 successive weeks. This disruption upon reproductive hormones was concomitant with a significant deviation of semen parameters represented by a drop in the individual motility concomitant with an increase in dead sperm percentage as well as total sperm abnormalities. Moreover, stoppage of molluscicides administration along 8 successive weeks failed to improve all studied semen parameters. Moreover, evaluation of total antioxidant activity disclosed that application of either bayluscide or copper sulfate resulted in significant reduction in the total antioxidant capacity as compared with the corresponding control values; a finding which persisted after prevention of molluscicides administration along 8 weeks.

he present study was carried out to determine the critical points during processing of yoghurt, through examination of Acidity % and Storch's test to detect the efficiency of heat treated milk samples and Microbiological examination of samples collected weekly over a period of 7 months for TCC, Thermoduric, Total coliform, Faecal coliform, E. coli, Enterococci, S. aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica and Total yeast and mould counts. A total of 100 samples of raw milk, heat treated milk, inoculated milk and yoghurt (25 of each) in addition to 75 samples from worker’s hands, plastic packages and mixing vat (25 of each) were collected under strict hygienic conditions, also twenty five samples of yoghurt at the end of the expire date were collected and examined microbiologically. The obtained results concluded that the major sources of yoghurt contamination were raw milk, improperly cleaned and sanitized worker’s hands as well as the added starter culture. Finally, the public health and economic importance of the isolated organisms were mentioned.