This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cyclosporine on some hematological indices in male rabbits after bone marrow transplantation operation. Thirty male rabbits were used in the present study which divided into three groups equally (ten rabbit each group).Rabbit of first group were give0.5 ml of normal slain from Day zero till Day 10 of experiment then applied to intra bone marrow-Bone marrow transplantation (IBM-BMT) at Day 11 then after, these rabbit give normal slain from Day 12 till Day 20 and considered as shame group. Rabbits of second and third groups were applied to same protocol that used in first group except that the rabbit were give 12.5 (T1) and (T2) 25 mg/kg/BW of cyclosporine respectively instead of normal slain. blood was collected At Day10 and Day 21 from all rabbit of the experiment via heart puncture and Red blood cell (RBCs)count , white blood cell (WBCs) count, Deferential leukocyte count, Packed cell volume(PCV) and hemoglobin concentration(Hb) were measured. Results of the present study showed significant decrease (p

Lactic acid is an important carboxylic acid used in different aspects of life. In this study a pure isolate of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria Enterococcus faecium was isolated , and characterized by morphological examinations with physiological and biochemical tests. The present results have revealed the ability of the isolate to produce L- lactic acid in high concentration and low concentration of D- lactic acid in contrast with control. Lactic acid has been extracted and partially purified by Amberlite IRA400 resin column, the obtained extracted parts have been tested by carboxylic acid test in addition to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis which has showed that the concentration of L-lactic acid was 0.659g/l, while D-lactic acid was 0.174g/l in crude parts with two peaks appeared, one of area 322854 for L while no visible peak appeared for D because of small area 72214 in the figure, whereas the second peak of area 203238 may returned to the interference of D and L-lactic acid . Purified parts have reached to a purity of 72.3% for L-lactic and 38.2% for D-lactic acid also with one sharp peak for L with area of 43639 and no visible peak for D-lactic due to small area of 16713.

The experiment was applied on /45/ healthy male of golden Syrian hamsters, were divided into three groups as follows: Control group(C), High Fat-High Cholesterol group(HF-HC) and Borage Oil group (BO). All groups had laboratorial diet freely during/15/ days(first period), after that each of HF-HC and BO groups took diet consisting of 80% laboratorial diet+ 20% fats(13.5% sheep fat+6.5% coconut oil) for /4/ weeks(second period). The treatment of BO group changed after second period and hamsters had laboratorial diet and dosed borage oil 2g/kg of the body weight daily for /4/ weeks(third period). The results showed a significant increase(p=0.0000) of the total cholesterol(TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides(TG) concentrations approximately(163%, 224%, 232%) respectively in each of HF-HC and BO groups in the second period in comparison with first period. Our results showed, in third period, a dramatic significant decrease(P=0.0000) in the TC, LDL-C and TG concentrations approximately (56%, 69%, 40%) respectively in BO group in comparison with the same group of second period

Bacteriocins are bacterial antimicrobial peptides with bactericidal activity against other bacteria. Staphylococcins are bacteriocins produced by staphylococci, which are gram-positive bacteria with medical and veterinary importance. In this study we are using two promoters from two plasmids to lysostaphin gene to change production of lysostaphin protein then killed Staphylococcus aureus and compared with pBluescript plasmid as control, pTrc99a get increased the production of lysostaphin protein while the pBAD30 are decreased the production in compared with pBluescript plasmid as control, at the same time both plasmid reported succeeded to lysostaphin expression and gave the protein with different concentration.

The study objective was to determine the effects of 70% nitrous oxide (N2O) and fentanyl on the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane necessary to prevent movement (MACNM) in response to noxious stimulation in dogs. Six healthy, adult, intact male, mixed-breed dogs were used on 3 occasions in a randomized crossover design. After induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane, each of the following treatments was randomly administered: fentanyl loading dose (Ld) of 15 μg/kg and infusion of 6 μg/kg per hour [treatment 1 (T1)], 70% N2O (T2), or fentanyl (Ld of 15 μg/kg and infusion of 6 μg/kg per hour) combined with 70% N2O (T3). Each dog received each of the 3 treatments once during the 3-week period. Determination of MACNM was initiated 90 min after the start of each treatment. The values were compared using the baseline MACNM, which had been determined in a previous study on the same group of dogs. Data were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer tests, and expressed as least squares mean ± SEM. The baseline MACNM decreased by 36.6 ± 4.0%, 15.0 ± 4.0%, and 46.0 ± 4.0% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively (P < 0.05), and differed (P < 0.05) among treatments. Mean fentanyl plasma concentrations did not differ (P ≥ 0.05) between T1 (3.70 ± 0.56 ng/mL) and T3 (3.50 ± 0.56 ng/mL). The combination of fentanyl and N2O resulted in a greater sevoflurane MACNM sparing effect than either treatment alone.

Retinoids play an important role in lung development and immune response. The effects of retinoids are mediated through 2 families of retinoid receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), with alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) subtypes in each family. To date, no data exist on the expression pattern of retinoid receptors in lungs of cattle, dogs, and pigs. Because of the biomedical importance of retinoid receptors in inflammation and immune responses, Western blot, immunohistology, and immunoelectron microscopy were used to determine the expression of retinoid receptors in normal lungs of cattle, dogs, and pigs (n = 2 for each species). Western blot showed expression of all 6 retinoid receptor subtypes in pig lungs. Immunohistology data indicated differential expression of retinoid receptors in airway epithelium, vascular endothelium, alveolar/septal macrophages, and alveolar septum in all 3 species. Electron microscopy showed nuclear localization of retinoid receptors in neutrophils and pulmonary intravascular macrophages. Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) α subtype were localized in cytoplasmic vacuoles of pig monocytes. These data indicate constitutive expression of retinoid receptors in the lungs of cattle, dogs, and pigs.

Macrophages function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the body. As has been demonstrated in mammals, administration of clodronate [dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Cl 2MBP)] encapsulated liposomes results in depletion of macrophages. Although this compound has been used in chickens, its effectiveness in depleting macrophages has yet to be fully determined. Here, we show that a single administration of clodronate liposomes to chickens results in a significant depletion of macrophages within the spleen and lungs of chickens up to 4 d post-treatment. This finding suggests that, in order to obtain depletion of macrophages in chickens for greater than 5 d, it is necessary to administer clodronate liposomes 4 d apart. The study also showed that 2 treatments of clodronate liposomes at 4-day intervals resulted in the depletion of macrophages for up to 10 d. The findings of the present study will encourage more precise studies to be done on the potential roles of macrophages in immune responses and in the pathogenesis of microbial infections in chickens.

Objective—To determine whether echocardiographic variables differed between successful (elite) and less successful (nonelite) Arabian endurance horses. Animals—34 Arabian horses that competed in endurance racing. Procedures—Horses were assigned to either an elite or nonelite group on the basis of results of a previous competition, and a standardized echocardiographic examination was performed on each horse within 1 to 4 weeks after that competition. Multivariable logistic regression with backward stepwise elimination was used to create a prediction model for the determination of horse status (elite or nonelite) as a function of the measured echocardiographic variables. Results—The elite and nonelite groups consisted of 23 and 11 horses, respectively. One horse in the nonelite group had a frequent ventricular dysrhythmia that could have negatively affected its performance and rider's safety, whereas none of the horses in the elite group had remarkable cardiac abnormalities. The left ventricular internal diameter during systole and diastole and left ventricular mass and stroke volume were significantly greater for horses in the elite group, compared with those for horses in the nonelite group. The final logistic regression model correctly predicted the horse status for all of the horses in the elite group and 8 of 11 horses in the nonelite group. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that heart size was significantly associated with performance for Arabian endurance horses in a manner similar to findings for Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses in active competition.

Objective—To establish a nonterminal semen collection method for use in captive Chilean rose tarantulas (Grammostola rosea) and to evaluate tools for investigating morphology and viability of spermatozoa. Animals—7 mature male Chilean rose tarantulas. Procedures—Each tarantula was anesthetized in a 500-mL induction chamber containing a cotton ball infused with 2 mL of isoflurane. Semen collection was performed by applying direct pressure to the palpal bulbs (sperm storage organs) located on the distal segment of the palpal limbs. Morphology of spermatozoa was examined by light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Propidium iodide and a fluorescent membrane-permeant nucleic acid dye were used to evaluate cell viability. Results—Semen was collected successfully from all 7 tarantulas. Microscopic examination of semen samples revealed coenospermia (spherical capsules [mean ± SD diameter, 10.3 ± 1.6 μm] containing many nonmotile sperm cells [mean number of sperm cells/capsule, 18.5 ± 3.8]). Individual spermatozoa were characterized by a spiral-shaped cell body (mean length, 16.7 ± 1.4 μm; mean anterior diameter, 1.5 ± 0.14 μm). Each spermatozoon had no apparent flagellar structure. The fluorescent stains identified some viable sperm cells in the semen samples. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The described technique allowed simple and repeatable collection of semen from Chilean rose tarantulas. Semen from this species was characterized by numerous spherical capsules containing many nonmotile spermatozoa in an apparently quiescent state. Fluorescent staining to distinguish live from dead spermatozoa appeared to be a useful tool for semen evaluation in this species.

Few studies have investigated the efficacy of extended ceftiofur therapy and none have focused on extended therapy for naturally occurring clinical mastitis. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of extended intramammary ceftiofur therapy of 8 d duration with a standard 2-day regimen for the treatment of naturally occurring mild to moderate clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows from 22 dairy herds (n = 241) were randomly allocated to the 2 treatment groups. For each case of mastitis, 125 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride was administered intramammary once a day for 2 or 8 d. Clinical cure, 21 d after the last treatment, was 89% (98/110) in each group. Bacteriological cure 21 d after the last treatment for the 2- and 8-day regimens were 32% (15/47) and 61% (25/41), respectively, for all bacteria (P = 0.007), 64% (9/14) and 82% (9/11), respectively, for streptococci (P = 0.50), and 0% (0/20) and 47% (9/19), respectively, for Staphylococcus aureus (P = 0.0004). There were no statistical differences between groups for new intramammary infections. Overall, ceftiofur extended therapy increased cure when compared to a 2-day regimen for the treatment of naturally occurring mild to moderate clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows.