The aim of this study is to identify physiological reference values for Schirmer tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) results, in healthy sheep and goats. The study included 56 adult Sakiz sheep and 38 Saanen goats with no ocular disease. Tear volume was measured by a sterile STT strip. IOP was measured with Tono-Vet. IOP and STT readings were carried out in July, at 12.30-14.30 hrs. Measurements were write down in similar conditions in sheep and goats (at 41.8°C-30% humidity and 40.5°C and 32% humidity, respectively). No statistically significant difference was determined between the mean IOP and STT values of the left eye and the right eye in the statistical analysis of goats and sheep (P>0.05). The mean STT values were 10.6±3.03 mm/min in Saanen goats and 11.8±3.35 mm/min in Sakiz sheep. The mean IOP values were 16.5±5.46 mmHg and 17.7±4.57 mmHg for Saanen goats and Sakiz sheep, respectively. A statistically significant difference was determined in the STT (P<0.05) and IOP (P<0.01) values between goats and sheep. In the literature review for reference IOP and STT levels, there is no report for Sakız sheep. Reference values of STT and IOP in summer conditions in Saanen goats and Sakiz sheep were revealed and provide more information for experimental and clinical studies.

Gastrointestinal diseases are caused by many of the apicomplexan protozoan parasites and cause significant clinical diseases. Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important diseases of young ruminant livestock, particularly neonatal calves. This study investigates the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in Karbala farm cattle. Totally, 1360 fecal samples were collected from cows and calves between (1 week to  5years old) from both genders, from different regions of Karbala. Different fecal examination methods (direct fecal smear, fecal flotation with saturated salt solution and faecal smear stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen were performed to determine Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and other mixed parasites in the fecal samples. The results showed that 29.4% of the fecal samples were detected positive for cryptosporidiosis (400/1360). The highest infection rate appeared (41.9%) in the age group from 3-6 months old, and less rate was (15.1%) in 2 years (P≤0.05). Additionally, there was no significant variation found in infection rates between males (33.8%) and females (25.6%). Mixed infections have been reported with Eimeria spp. oocysts (7.3%), Giardia lamblia cysts (1.4%) and Trichostrongylus spp. eggs (5.1%) (P≤0.05). The results indicated the requirement for the eradication of the gastrointestinal parasites by deworming and a good management system in the sampled region.

Animal health and production are impaired with heat stress inducing dysfunction of intestinal barrier. In this study, it was aimed to determine that the effect of heat stress on gut health via circulating zonulin concentrations. Holstein dairy cows (n=7, age of 2-5 years) were housed in Aydin municipality with higher temperatures in summer. Blood sample for serum zonulin levels were collected at 12 pm and 00 am with temperature records of 44°C and 31°C respectively. Serum zonulin levels were found to be statistically significant (p=0,012) at night in contrast to daylight analytes. With this study it was appeared that heat stress had a negatively impact on intestinal integrity among cows.

It is very important to monitor the infection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae as a potential threat to the sheep industry. Southern Xinjiang is a major sheep breeding base in China, however, there is no relevant information concerning the infection of the region’s ovine stock with this bacteria at present. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap.

The world of vaccines has changed tremendously since the time of Louis Pasteur. In the present day, it is regarded as vaccinology, a discipline which includes not only the knowledge of vaccine production, strategies for its delivery and influence on the clinical course of disease and the response of the host immune system but also regulatory, ethical, economic and ecological aspects of their use. A hundred years after Pasteur created the first vaccine, there was another scientific breakthrough of great importance in this field, i. e. Sanger sequencing. Progress in genome sequencing and other molecular techniques over the intervening 40 years has been enormous. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) platforms and bioinformatics tools are becoming widely available, falling in cost, and results are achieved very quickly. They enable the construction of modern vaccines, as well as the assessment of their safety, effectiveness and impact on the host organism and the environment. These techniques can also provide a tool for quality control of vaccines. Unprecedented possibilities are opened up by the HTS technique, but limiting factors on its implementation have to be contended with such as lack of reference materials and problems with method optimisation or validation. In the face of the current COVID-19 pandemic, a significant role is allotted to this sequencing technique while an effective vaccine against the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is sough.

The aim of the study was to determine the quality and significance of the magnetic resonance image of the canine knee after reconstruction in the oblique and double-oblique sagittal plane. This reconstruction and 3D images are rarely used in common protocols due to the longer study time they require. The study aimed to demonstrate significance for such diagnostic images in specific sequences in order to stimulate consideration of their more frequent use in diagnosis of diseases of the cruciate ligament in dogs.

The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in small ruminants is principally dependent on anthelmintic therapy, which encounters the rising problem of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development. Veterinarians reported anthelmintic failure in several sheep farms in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, northern Iraq, which called for a systematic study about the efficacy of three commonly used drugs: albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole.

The most frequently isolated bacteria in Polish aquaculture are of the Aeromonas genus; also pathogenic to human fish consumers, they cause substantial economic losses, and require antibiotic therapy to treat. Antibiotic residues in animal-derived food provoke concern. The aim of the study was to appraise the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Ficus plant species against Aeromonas strains.