Strongyle species infestation considered the main parasitic problem in equines specially donkeys. Veterinarians and owners used to depend on the affordable drugs, which led to development of resistance. A total number of 215 donkeys of different sexes, ages and in different locations at El Kharga city (El Wadi El Gadid Governorate, Egypt) were examined for detection of strongyle species infection. Fecal samples were collected and examined using floatation test and egg count was done using McMaster technique. The overall prevalence of strongyle species was 73.02% of examined donkeys. 35.03% of infested donkeys showed mild infection, 20.38% showed moderate infection and 44.59% showed severe infection. Prevalence of strongyle species was 75.56% in female donkeys and 71.2% in males. The highest prevalence rate was recorded at Al-Sherka55 (100%) followed by Al-Thawra areas (84.62%). Animals under 3 years old had a slightly higher prevalence than animals 3 – 8 years old, and donkeys > 8 years old showed no infection rate. The therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin, doramectin and pyrantel at the manufacturers recommended dose were evaluated in a controlled experiment, which involved 28 donkeys naturally infected with strongyle species worms. Doramectin was highly efficient against strongyle species worm infection than ivermectin and pyrantel. In ivermectin treated group, the mean FECR% reduced on day 28 to be 91.6%. Also, it has been found that small strongyle EPG counts are returned much quicker than when the drug was first marketed. Mean FECR % in pyrantel treated animals was less than 90% for the whole 28 days of treatment. In conclusion, this was the first study to report prevalence of strongyle species infection in donkeys in El-Kharga city, El-Wadi El-Gadid governorate, Egypt. Additionally, it was the first to report ivermectin resistance in infested donkeys in that area. Donkey’s owners are recommended to use doramectin for treatment of parasitic infection.

The nasal plane (rhinarium) in camels is an important specialized integumentary structure, however, little is known about its structure and function. Accordingly, the first aim of this study was to describe the microscopic anatomy of the dermis. The second aim was to determine the anatomical communications of the nasal plane, in relation to the feasible functions. The microscopic study revealed a characteristic dermal structure. While, the gross anatomical study revealed important anatomical communications between the nasal plane and the vomeronasal organ openings. Together, the discussed data indicating that the nasal plane in dromedaries may play a role in delivering stimuli to the vomeronasal organ.

Commercial broiler chickens are frequently infected with Ecoli serotypes in form of collibacillosis whichcharacterized as an initial respiratory infection (air sacculitis) followed by generalized septicemia, perihepatitis andpericarditis. The present work aimed to study the ability of E.coli O125 previuosly isolated and identified fromdiseased broilers suffered from pericarditis , airsacculitis and perihapatitis to induce a disease and The current studyaimed to determine the pathogenicity of E. coli serogroup O125 in broiler chicks, a trial of prevention and treatmentusing probiotic ( Guardyazin-m) or antibiotic (Cipronate20%). The chicks were divided into seven groups includingcontrol negative, orally infected , subcutenously infected , probiotic treated group, and finally antibiotic treatedgroup. The clinical signs, mortality, performance parameters and postmortem examination as well as thepathological changes in liver and intestine were recorded. The probiotic group gave the best results in controllinginfection by E. coli O125 followed by antibiotic. In conclusion, the E. coli O125 serogroup was pathogenic to chickswhen experimentally inoculated, so particular attention must be directed toward E. coli O125 as a pathogen infectingbird. Also probiotics was of great value in protection against the E. coli infection and improve the performanceparameters of chicks . Its effect on feed consumption , weekly body weight gain and feed conversion rate (FCR) wasdetermined.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of food-borne disease worldwide and food poisoning. This study reports the effect of nisin (0, 10 and 12.5 ppm) against Staphylococcus aureus in manufactured kareish cheese. Nisin was effective in reducing S. aureus count in cheese; a reduction of S. aureus count was observed from the 2nd day of storage period. S. aureus in kareish cheese decreased gradually from 4x108 to (8×107, 6.5×107, 5.8×107 CFU/gm.) in the 1st week till reached at the end of storage period of the 4th week to (4 ×104, 1.1×103, 1×102 CFU/gm.) for cheese containing (0, 10 and 12.5 ppm) of nisin, respectively during manufacture and storage for a month in the refrigerator at 4 ˚C. The data obtained in this study suggested that the use of nisin-containing cheese can be an effective method of controlling the growth and multiplication of S. aureus in cheese.

The current study aimed to describe the normal cross sectional anatomy,magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of fetlock joint inadult camel from both sexes. The study was carried out on twelve fetlockjoints of fresh cadavers from three camels. The case history of these camelsindicated that they were grossly normal with no orthopedic disorders. Thecadaveric fetlock joints (n=12) were scanned using CT scanner and a 1 TeslaMRI scanner, injected with colored latex and sectioned into transverse, dorsaland sagittal slices. Cross anatomical sections were correlated with theircorresponding CT and MR images for evaluation of the normal relevantanatomical structures which appeared with different signal intensities on CTand MRI scans. The current study revealed that all major soft tissues infetlock joint of camel were clearly visualized on both CT and MR images,except the short and cruciate sesamoidean ligaments which could not beidentified on both CT and MR images. The anatomical sections with thecorresponding CT and MR images obtained in this study could be used as areference for diagnosis and interpretation of clinical diseases in fetlock jointof camel.

Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid commonly used for epidural anesthesia in human either alone or in combination with bupivacaine but not in goat. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of epidural butorphanol either alone or in combination with bupivacaine. Fifteen adult apparently healthy goats were randomized into three equal groups to receive a lumbosacral epidural injection of bupivacaine 0.5 % (0.5 mg/kg), butorphanol 1% (0.08 mg/kg) or their combination (bupivacaine 0.25 mg/kg and butorphanol 0.04 mg/kg). Animals were observed for incoordination of hind limbs, perineal pin prick and sedation at 10 minutes interval. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were assessed every 15 minutes. Epidural butorphanol resulted into significantly (P <0.05) rapid analgesia (9.8 ± 1.1 Min) than the butorphanol– bupivacaine combination (12.8 ± 0.84 Min) and bupivacaine (16.6 ± 0.55). Butorphanolbupivacaine combination provoked significant ((P < 0.05) prolonged intense analgesia (208 ± 8.36 Min) compared to either bupivacaine (112 ± 8.37) or butorphanol (166 ± 5.48 Min). Ataxia accompanied administration of bupivacaine either alone or in combination with butorphanol, while sedation was observed in animals received butorphanol alone or combined with bupivacaine. No significant changes were observed in heart rate, respiratory rate or rectal temperature. The epidural administration of butorphanol-bupivacaine combination promoted longer-lasting analgesia in goats without motor disturbances compared to bupivacaine alone. This combination might prove useful clinically to provide analgesia in goats for long-duration perineal obstetrical or surgical procedures.

The present study aimed to describe the normal cross sectional anatomyand magnetic resonance imaging of pastern and coffin joints in dromedarycamel. This study was conducted on twelve distal limbs (fore and hind) offresh cadavers from three adult camels of both sexes. The specimens appearednormal without orthopedic disorders. Twelve distal limbs were scanned usinga 1 Tesla MRI scanner and then injected with colored latex to be sectionedinto sagittal, dorsal and transverse slices. Cross anatomical sections werematched with their corresponding MR images for identification andevaluation of the clinically relevant anatomical structures that appeared withdifferent signal intensities on MRI scans. The present study showed that allmajor soft tissues in pastern and coffin joints of camel were clearly depictedon MR images, however, the palmar/plantar ligaments of pastern joint andligaments of navicular cartilage could not be identified on MR images. Theannotated cross anatomical sections with the corresponding MR images couldbe used as a normal reference for interpretation of some clinical diseases inpastern and coffin joints of camel.

Pneumonic pasteurellosis is the main cause of severe respiratory tract infections in calves and causing great economic losses. The objective of this research was to study the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. multocida and M. haemolytica and detection the effect of Lysozyme and Nitric oxide; as immune parameters, on most important bacteria causing pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle calves. A total number of 406 deep nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from 406 bovine calves suffered from respiratory manifestations. Bacteriological examination revealed that the overall prevalence of both P. multocida and M. haemolytica was of 26.6%; 18.2% for P. multocida and 8.4%for M. haemolytica. P. multocida was singly isolated from 4.9% of cases. While it was mixed with S. aureus, E. coli, Streptococcus spp., both S. aureus and E. coli, both S. aureus and Streptococcus spp. and both E. coli and Streptococcus spp.with percentages of 4%, 1.2%, 2.2%, 1.7%, 3.2% and 1.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, M. haemolytica was isolated as a single isolate from 1.7% of cases while it was mixed with S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., both S. aureus and Streptococcus spp. and both E. coli and Streptococcus spp. with percentages of 2.7%, 1.2%, 2.5% and 0.2%, respectively. The in in-vitro sensitivity testing of all isolates showed high susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. On the other hand, high resistances were obtained against tetracyclines, penicillins and aminoglycosides. On the immunological level, the data of the existing research show that all respiratory affected calves record significant elevation of nitric oxide level in compare with normal control calves. However, all infected calves elucidate significant reduction of lysozyme activity.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a good useful imaging tool for diagnosing foot lameness in equine. Seventeen donkeys of age (6–12 years), gender admitted to the clinic unit of our collage with owners complained that the animals were suffered from incurable lameness in their forelimbs. All forelimb foots were collected at the level of fetlock joint after euthanasia for performing MR imaging .The results showed that, both normal anatomy to the foot using T1-weighted image sequence and detection of different lesions involving many parts of the foot such as collateral ligaments of the DIP joint, both DDFT core and border, both navicular bone medullary cavity and cortex, articular cartilage of DIP joint, distal sesamoidean impair ligament (DSIL) and suspensory ligament of the navicular bone that could not be diagnosed by other diagnostic tools such as X- ray, ultrasound and Computed Tomography. In conclusion, Using MRI in examination of donkey foot lameness is considered as a definitive and accurate diagnostic tool for design suitable treatment regimens for all affections.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of virgin olive oil on some blood parameters in male Albino rats. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats, (90-110 g), were used in the present study and were divided into three groups (10 in each), 1st group (control), received basal diet and supplemented with 1ml saline. 2nd and 3rd groups received basal diet, and supplemented daily with 1ml/100gm B.W and 2ml/100 gm B.W of virgin olive oil (VOO), respectively. Blood samples were collected weekly from all rats. Whole blood was obtained for determination of some haematological parameters, while sera were collected for the assay of T3 and T4 hormone.