The objective of this study was to explore the reasons for the persistence of human cysticercosis (HCC) transmission in Mbulu District, northern Tanzania. The study was carried out in 25 villages, whereby five major risks were identified. The risks were indiscriminate defaecation and improper use of toilets; a free-range system of keeping pigs; indiscriminate or unregulated slaughtering and inadequate meat hygiene and inspection; consumption of undercooked and porcine cysticerci infected pork; and social structure and roles. All of the identified risks were backed up by the immanent lifestyles of the community involved. These findings are important for the development of intervention strategies in the study area.

Appropriately trained Human Resources for Health (HRH) are key inputs into One Health. '... more than 50% of all infectious diseases of humans originate from animals and that, of the emerging diseases about 75% could be traced back to animal origin' (Rweyemamu et al. 2006). A comprehensive understanding of the social determinants of health, through an appropriate training model for HRH, is a key input. This study aimed to explore if human and veterinary medical schools were using such a model or providing time for this model in their curricula. Specific objectives were to: determine the time that human and veterinary medical schools' curricula provide for subjects or courses related to the social determinants of health; analyse the curricula contents to establish how they relate to the social determinants of health; and explore how a bio-medical model may influence the graduates' understanding and practice of One Health. A review of human and veterinary graduate-level medical schools' curricula in East Africa was performed in April 2013 and May 2013. The findings were: in the curricula, SDH contents for knowledge enhancement about One Health are minimal and that teaching is Germ Theory model-driven and partisan. Out of the total training time for physicians and veterinarians, less than 10% was provided for the social determinants of health-related courses. In conclusion, the curricula and training times provided are inadequate for graduates to fully understand the social determinants of health and their role in One Health. Furthermore, the Germ Theory model that has been adopted addresses secondary causes and is inappropriate. There is a need for more in-depth model. This article suggests that a vicious cycle of ill-health model must be taught.

The present study was conducted in Basra province to evaluate of some minerals (copper,, zinc and cobalt) in sheep. The study constituent examination of 1400 sheep and 200 of it showed sings of mineral deficiency and 25 as a control, the study include: clinical, hematological examination, and level of serum(copper, zinc, and cobalt). A number of 200 (14.2%) sheep revealed a clinical signs of mineral deficiency from total of (1400) sheep which were clinically examined in this study, And the study showed that the values of copper, zinc, and cobalt in serum were significantly low (0.15±0.03ppm, 0.73±0.35ppm, 0.57±0.12ppm). and the most important clinical signs presented by alopecia (47.5 %), parakiratosis (18%), diarrhea (11.5%), pale mucous membrane (49%), lacrimation (6%), ataxia (4%). Also the study reveal that the body temperature within normal (39.47±0.33 C°), but increase of pulse rate, and respiratory rate in affected animals were (90.48± 4.53Min, 33.99±0.29 Min) respectively. And the study showed that the RBCc of affected sheep significantly low (6.57±0.10 *106/ml), also the PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, were significantly low (19.75±0.24 %, 6.88±0.11 g/L, 31.07±0.49 fl, 11.06±0.53 pg) respectively, whereas MCHC in affected sheep was significantly high (34.92±0.45 %) and the mean of WBCc of affected sheep were(6.43±0.11103/ml) and there is no significant different when compared with control.

Mammary tumors in five intact bitches were evaluated at the Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Duhok University. Information about the breed and age of the animals, location and number of affected mammary glands, surgical outcome, tumor recurrence and survival were recorded. All the removed tumors were histologically examined and diagnosed as malignant types.

Bacteriological examination was performed on 60 local healthy fish of fresh water include 30 Carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) and 30 Cat fish (Silurus glanis) with different weights from local retail fish markets at Mosul city, during the period from sept. 2011 - Sept. 2012. Swabs from skin and parts of muscles, livers, intestines incubated in brain heart infusion broth for 24 hours at 37 ̊ C (aerobic culture), a loopful from incubated broth were streaked on blood agar, milk agar, mannitol salt agar incubated plates at 37 ̊ C for 24 h, selected colonies were submitted to gram staining, morphological characteristics biochemical tests for Staphylococcus. The percentage of Staphylococcus isolation was 100% for all examined samples of fish. A total of 130 isolates from both two species of examined fish (62) isolates from Cyprinus carpio and (68) isolates from Silurus glanis , a five species of Staphylococcus S. saprophyticus (29% , 29.4%), S. epidermidis (21% , 22%), S. hyicus (17.75% , 17.7%), S. aureus (17.75% , 19.1), S. intermedius (14.5% , 11.8%) , were identified with different numbers and percentages for Cyprinus carpio and Silurus glanis respectively . While percentages of Staphylococcus isolates from skins (35.5% , 36.8%), muscles (17.7% , 20.6%), livers (25.8% , 25%), intestines (21% , 17.60%) from both species Cyprinus carpio and Silurus glanis respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity test result for six antibiotics (Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Polymaxin, CO-Trimaxazol , Ciprofloxacin) were variable most species of Staphylococcus isolates were resistant to Ampicillin but sensitive to Ciprofloxacin.

Because of the pivotal role of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules in regulating the immune response and their extensive polymorphism, it is not surprising that particular HLA class II alleles have been implicated in susceptibility to allergic diseases and in restriction of the IgE responses to a variety of allergens. We investigated the relationship between HLA-DRB1*0103 and HLA- DQA1*0201 genotypes and allergies to amoxicillin(AX) and love bird (LB) and explored their restriction of IgE responses to these allergens. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test (ELISA) was used to examine the specific IgE antibodies in the sera of 175 subjects including 145 atopic patients and 30 healthy individuals without any allergic reaction. All of them were chosen for HLA genotyping by polymerase chain reaction . Compared with seropositive all control and seronegative individuals showed negative PCR HLA genotyping results.The higher overall rate (39.4%) of PCR positivity was observed inseropositive patients with positive PCR HLA-DQA1*0201 genotyping results .Also PCR HLA-DQA1*0201 genotyping revealed the higher rates of the PCR positivity in the males and females of the second age group in comparison with those of the first age groups but without significant difference (P > 0.05). The same result was also observed in positive PCR result for the patients with HLA-DRB1*0103 and those with both HLA -DRB1*0103 and HLA-DQA1*0201 as the non-significant higher PCR positive rates was observed in the males and females of the 2ndage groups.Also the females of the second age group showed the higher PCR positivity rates (100%,50% and30%)for HLA-DQA1*0201 and HLA-DRB1*0103) and both respectively ELISA results revealed that the overall rate of seropositivity in tested individuals to amoxicillin(AX) or love bird dropping extract (LBDE) allergens was 54.9% .The females were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) from males and they showed the higher rate of seropositivity against AX(57.9%)and LBDE(58.9%)allergens.In contrast there was no significant effect(P > 0.05)for the age on the seropositivity against LBDE and the patients of the 1st age group showed higher rate (55.9%) of seropositivity in comparison with rate (43.7%) of 2ndage group patients

This study was conducted on 215 milk samples collected from apparently healthy lactating buffalo during the period from August 2012 to March 2013. Isolation and identification of bacterial isolates were carried on the basis of their morphology, staining, cultural and biochemical properties. Antibiotics susceptibility of the isolated organisms were also done . Out of 215 milk samples examined 22 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus . Results of antibiotics sensitivity in this investigation showed that Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to kanamycin , azithromycin , gentamycin , vancomycin , nitrofurantoin , streptomycin and resistant to oxacillin and ampicillin.

The antibacterial activity of the flavonoid compound (B3) isolated from Inula greaveolens plant by column – chromatography was determined against several of clinical microbial isolates including Gram positive: ( Streptococcus spp. Staphylococcus aureus ) and isolates of Gram negative : ( Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Esherichia coli ) by using three concentrations of the extract (125 mg /ml , 250mg /ml ,500 mg /ml ).The results revealed that the falvonoid compound B3 has varying degrees of inhibition tested microorganisms. The cytotoxic activity of the falvonoid compound (B3) was determined against the fresh human red blood celles with several concentrations of the extract and the results shown that flavonoid compound did not had toxicity against the human red blood cells.

The study aimed to evaluate the combination of Magnesium sulfate (Mg), ketorolac (Kr), Propofol (P), Ketamine (K), and Xylazine(X) anesthetic protocol in anesthesia and analgesia of rabbits. Twenty healthy male rabbits, weighing (1.300 0.200 kg) were used in the study. All rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups of five rabbits injected with the different protocols (G1(p10k50mg50 ), G2(p10k50kr10 ), G3(p10 k50 kr10mg50 ), and G4(p10 k50 kr10mg50x5)) of anesthesia intravenously in the marginal ear vein. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) were taken before giving the drugs (Time 0 (control reading)), and then after 5,10,15,20,30,45,60,and 75 minutes of giving anesthesia. The induction time, duration of anesthesia, degree of analgesia, muscle relaxation and recovery time were recorded also. The anesthetic protocol in G3 (p10 k50 kr10mg50) is seen suitable for short operations (gives 24.2 minutes of surgical anesthesia), and the anesthetic protocol in G4 (p10 k50 kr10mg50x5) is seen suitable for long operations (gives 43.5 minutes of surgical anesthesia), and no signs of pain with the intravenously injection of propofol.

One hundred eight nasal swabs and blood samples from respiratory tract infected animals 66 from sheep and 52 from goats were collected from different sites of Basrah province during a period from December 2012 to April 2013 for isolation and identification of the Pasteurella multocida according to PCR assay . Nasal swabs and blood samples were directly cultured on proper media, then five colonies from the agar plate of suspected P. multocida cultures were used for extracted DNA and, further used for Polymerase chain reaction PCR . PCR was carried out for amplified the PMOut gene on the previously extracted P. multocida DNA . The best amplification of PMOut gene was observed at 45°C annealing temperature . Under these optimal conditions, the expected fragment of 219bp of PMOut gene was successfully amplified. On the other hand , the distinct amplification with a molecular length of 219bp was obtained in 56 positive PCR samples (37 from sheep with distribution rate 56% and 19 from goats with distribution rate 36.5% ). The PCR results of the PMOut gene was found to be potentially a useful method for identification of P. multocida infections.