Purpose. Identification of soft winter wheat varieties and lines from the Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuryev, NAAS by allelic state of Pina–D1 and Pinb-D1 genes for targeted use in the breeding for high confectionery properties of flour. Methods. Identification of the Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes allelic state was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele-specific primer pairs. Confectionery properties of flour were evaluated by determining the quality indicators: the water absorption capacity (WAC) of the flour, trial baking of cookies and evaluation of its quality. Results. According to the results of PCR analysis, 9 samples had an allelic composition of puroindoline genes (Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a) characteristic for soft-grained varieties. Flour of the lines 'L137-26-0-2', 'L137-26-0-3' had the best confectionery properties, it had a WAC value less than 55%, cookies diameter 85 mm, cookies height 10 mm, estimation of a surface of cookies 7– 9 points, what meets the requirements for soft-grained wheat. 76% of the samples belonged to hard-grained varieties and had the corresponding alleles of the Pina-D1 or Pinb-D1 genes. In the studied sample, Pina-D1 gene is represented by 2 alleles: Pina-D1a and Pina-D1b. 27 samples had Pina-D1a allele, which also allows them to be used in breeding programs for grain quality when crossed with soft samples, 4 ones had Pina-D1b allele. As to Pinb-D1 gene, all hard grain samples had Pinb-D1b allele, and the 'Erythrospermum S 424-1 / 14' line was heterogeneous for Pinb-D1a / Pinb-D1b. The flour of these samples had typical for hard wheat quality indicators: WAC 68% and more, cookie diameter of 60–72 mm, cookie height of 13–15 mm, the surface evaluation of 1–4 points. Conclusions. The studies allowed to differentiate the breeding material and transfer a soft winter wheat cultivar of a confectionery use 'L137-26-0-3' ('Mazurok') which has an allelic structure of puroindolins genes (Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a) characteristic for soft-grained varieties and high confectionery flour properties for qualification examination.

Мета. Ідентифікувати за алельним станом гени Pina-D1 і Pinb-D1 сортів та ліній пшениці м’якої озимої селекції Інституту рослинництва ім. В. Я. Юр’єва НААН для цільового використання в селекції на високі кондитерські показники борошна.Методи. Алельний стан генів Pina-D1 і Pinb-D1 ідентифікували методом полімеразної ланцюгової реакції (ПЛР) з використанням алель-специфічних пар праймерів. Кондитерські властивості борошна оцінювали, визначивши показники якості: водопоглинальну здатність борошна (ВПЗ), пробне випікання печива та оцінювання його якості.Результати. За результатами ПЛР-аналізу 9 зразків мали алельний склад генів пуроіндолінів (Pina-D1a і Pinb-D1а), характерний для м'якозерних сортів. Кращим за кондитерськими властивостями було борошно ліній 'L137-26-0-2', 'L137-26-0-3', воно мало показник ВПЗ менший 55%, діаметр печива 85 мм, висоту – 10 мм, оцінку поверхні – 7–9 балів, що відповідало вимогам до м'якозерних пшениць. 76% зразків належали до твердозерних сортів та мали відповідні алелі генів Pina-D1 або Pinb-D1. У дослідженій вибірці ген Pina-D1 був представлений 2 алелями: Pina-D1а та Pina-D1b. 27 зразків мали алель Pina-D1а, що також дозволило використовувати їх в селекційних програмах на якість зерна при схрещуванні зі зразками типу soft, 4 – алель Pina-D1b. За геном Pinb-D1 всі твердозерні зразки мали алель Pinb-D1b, а лінія 'Еритроспермум S 424-1/14' була гетерогенною Pinb-D1а/Pinb-D1b. Борошно цих зразків мало характерні для твердозерної пшениці показники якості: ВПЗ 68% і більше, діаметр печива 60–72 мм, висота – 13–15 мм, оцінка поверхні – 1–4 бали.Висновки. Виконані дослідження дозволили ефективно диференціювати селекційний матеріал і передати на кваліфікаційну експертизу сорт пшениці м'якої озимої кондитерського напряму використання 'L137-26-0-3' ('Мазурок'), який має алельний склад генів пуроіндолінів (Pina-D1a і Pinb-D1а), характерний для м'якозерних сортів, та високі кондитерські властивості борошна. | Цель. Идентифицировать аллельное состояние генов Pina-D1 и Pinb-D1 сортов и линий пшеницы мягкой озимой селекции Института растениеводства им. В. Я. Юрьева НААН для целевого использования в селекции на высокие кондитерские показатели муки. Методы. Аллельное состояние генов Pina-D1 и Pinb-D1 идентифицировали методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) с использованием аллель-специфических пар праймеров. Кондитерские свойства муки оценивали, определив показатели качества: водопоглотительную способность муки (ВПС), пробную выпечку печенья и оценку его качества. Результаты. По результатам ПЦР-анализа 9 образцов имели аллельное состояние генов пуроиндолинов, характерное для мягкозёрных сортов – Pina-D1a и Pinb-D1а. Лучшей по кондитерским свойствам была мука линий пшеницы ‘L137-26-0-2’, ‘L137-26-0-3’, она имела показатель ВПС меньше 55%, диаметр печенья 85 мм, высоту – 10 мм, оценка поверхности печенья составляла 7–9 балов, что соответствовало требованиям к мягкозёрным пшеницам. 76% изученных образцов относились к твёрдозёрным сортам и имели соответствующие аллели генов Pina-D1 или Pinb-D1. В опытной выборке образцов ген Pina был представлен 2 аллелями: Pina D1а и Pina D1b. 27 образцов имели аллель Pina D1а, это также позволило использовать их в селекции на качество зерна при скрещивании с сортами типа soft, 4 – аллель Pina D1b. По гену Pinb все твёрдозёрные образцы имели аллель Pinb D1b, а линия ‘Эритроспермум S 424-1/14’ была гетерогенной Pinb D1а/Pinb D1b. Эти образцы имели соответствующие твёрдозёрным пшеницам показатели качества муки: ВПС 68% и выше, диаметр печенья 60–72 мм, высота – 13–15 мм, оценка поверхности – 1–4 балла. Выводы. Проведенные исследования позволили эффективно дифференцировать селекционный материал и передать на квалификационную экспертизу сорт пшеницы мягкой озимой кондитерского направления использования ‘L137-26-0-3’ (‘Мазурок’), который имеет аллельный состав генов пуроиндолинов (Pina-D1a и Pinb-D1а), характерный для мягкозёрных сортов, и высокие кондитерские свойства муки. | Purpose. Identification of soft winter wheat varieties and lines from the Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuryev, NAAS by allelic state of Pina–D1 and Pinb-D1 genes for targeted use in the breeding for high confectionery properties of flour. Methods. Identification of the Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes allelic state was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele-specific primer pairs. Confectionery properties of flour were evaluated by determining the quality indicators: the water absorption capacity (WAC) of the flour, trial baking of cookies and evaluation of its quality. Results. According to the results of PCR analysis, 9 samples had an allelic composition of puroindoline genes (Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a) characteristic for soft-grained varieties. Flour of the lines 'L137-26-0-2', 'L137-26-0-3' had the best confectionery properties, it had a WAC value less than 55%, cookies diameter 85 mm, cookies height 10 mm, estimation of a surface of cookies 7– 9 points, what meets the requirements for soft-grained wheat. 76% of the samples belonged to hard-grained varieties and had the corresponding alleles of the Pina-D1 or Pinb-D1 genes. In the studied sample, Pina-D1 gene is represented by 2 alleles: Pina-D1a and Pina-D1b. 27 samples had Pina-D1a allele, which also allows them to be used in breeding programs for grain quality when crossed with soft samples, 4 ones had Pina-D1b allele. As to Pinb-D1 gene, all hard grain samples had Pinb-D1b allele, and the 'Erythrospermum S 424-1 / 14' line was heterogeneous for Pinb-D1a / Pinb-D1b. The flour of these samples had typical for hard wheat quality indicators: WAC 68% and more, cookie diameter of 60–72 mm, cookie height of 13–15 mm, the surface evaluation of 1–4 points.Conclusions. The studies allowed to differentiate the breeding material  and transfer a soft winter wheat cultivar of a confectionery use 'L137-26-0-3' ('Mazurok') which has an allelic structure of puroindolins genes (Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a) characteristic for soft-grained varieties and high confectionery flour properties for qualification examination.

Abstract The genus Cercospora includes many important plant pathogens that are commonly associated with leaf spot diseases on a wide range of cultivated and wild plant species. Due to the lack of useful morphological features and high levels of intraspecific variation, host plant association has long been a decisive criterion for species delimitation in Cercospora. Because several taxa have broader host ranges, reliance on host data in Cercospora taxonomy has proven problematic. Recent studies have revealed multi-gene DNA sequence data to be highly informative for species identification in Cercospora, especially when used in a concatenated alignment. In spite of this approach, however, several species complexes remained unresolved as no single gene proved informative enough to act as DNA barcoding locus for the genus. Therefore, the aims of the present study were firstly to improve species delimitation in the genus Cercospora by testing additional genes and primers on a broad set of species, and secondly to find the best DNA barcoding gene(s) for species delimitation. Novel primers were developed for tub2 and rpb2 to supplement previously published primers for these loci. To this end, 145 Cercospora isolates from the Iranian mycobiota together with 25 additional reference isolates preserved in the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute were subjected to an eight-gene (ITS, tef1, actA, cmdA, his3, tub2, rpb2 and gapdh) analysis. Results from this study provided new insights into DNA barcoding in Cercospora, and revealed gapdh to be a promising gene for species delimitation when supplemented with cmdA, tef1 and tub2. The robust eight-gene phylogeny revealed several novel clades within the existing Cercospora species complexes, such as C. apii, C. armoraciae, C. beticola, C. cf. flagellaris and Cercospora sp. G. The C. apii s. lat. isolates are distributed over three clades, namely C. apii s. str, C. plantaginis and C. uwebrauniana sp. nov. The C. armoraciae s. lat. isolates are distributed over two clades, C. armoraciae s. str. and C. bizzozeriana. The C. beticola s. lat. isolates are distributed over two clades, namely C. beticola s. str. and C. gamsiana, which is newly described.

Purpose. Determination of molecular genetic polymorphism of lettuce cultivars of Ukrainian breeding by EST-SSR markers. Methods. Molecular genetic analysis, statistical methods. Results. The results of molecular genetic polymorphism study of 7 lettuce cultivars by 7 EST-SSR markers are presented. As a result of the analysis by studied markers, 37 alleles were detected with an average 5.29 alleles per locus. The KSL-92 marker, which identified 7 alleles, proved to be the most polymorphic (PIC – Polymorphism Information Content 0.98). The lowest PIC value (0.57) was noted for the KSL-37 marker by which 3 alleles were identified. For assessing the genetic diversity of lettuce cultivars by EST-SSR markers, genetic distances between cultivars were determined based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. It was determined that the most similar cultivars with genetic distances 0.17 were ‘Zorepad’ and ‘Malakhit’, ‘Malakhit’ and ‘Dublianskyi’, ‘Dublianskyi’ and ‘Smuhlianka’, ‘Krutianskyi’ and ‘Smuhlianka’. The most distant cultivar was ‘Skarb’ with a genetic distance 0.00 compared to other studied cultivars. According to the calculated genetic distances, the cultivars ‘Zorepad’ and ‘Malakhit’, ‘Malakhit’ and Dublianskyi’, which belong to the same variety Lactuca sativa L. var. secalina have a strong genetic similarity. The cultivars‘Skarb’ and ‘Pohonych’, which belong to the varieties Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia and Lactuca sativa L. var. angustana, respectively, were genetically distant, what was confirmed by genetic distances values. It was determined that the Shannon index within the lettuce variety by 7 EST-SSR markers is 0.61, between varieties – 0.96, the average value is 1.57. Conclusions. According to the results of studies of 7 lettuce cultivars, it was found that the highest polymorphism was determined by the KSL-92 marker, the minimum of alleles number (3 alleles) was identified by KSL-37 marker. Based on calculated genetic distances, it was noticed that lettuce cultivars, genetic distances between which are 0.17, were the most similar. The most distant cultivar based on 7 EST-SSR markers was ‘Skarb’ cultivar.

Цель. Определение молекулярно-генетического полиморфизма сортов салата посевного отечественной селекции с помощью EST-SSR маркеров.Методы. Молекулярно-генетический анализ, статистические методы.Результаты. Представлены результаты изучения молекулярно-генетического полиморфизма 7 сортов салата посевного с помощью 7 EST-SSR маркеров. В результате анализа по исследуемым маркерам идентифицировано 37 аллелей, в среднем 5,29 аллели на локус. Наиболее полиморфным оказался маркер KSL-92, с помощью которого выявлено 7 аллелей, Polymorphism Information Content (РІС) – 0,98. Наименьшее значение РІС – 0,57 было у маркера KSL-37, с помощью которого идентифицировано наименьшее количество аллелей – 3. Для оценки генетического разнообразия сортов салата с помощью EST-SSR маркеров были определены генетические дистанции между сортами с применением меры близости Жаккара. Наиболее близкими оказались сорта, генетические дистанции между которыми составляли 0,17: ʻЗорепад’ и ʻМалахит’, ʻМалахит’ и ʻДублянский’, ʻДублянский’ и ʻСмуглянка’, ʻКрутянский’ и ʻСмуглянка’. Наиболее удаленным оказался сорт ʻСкарб’ со значениями генетических дистанций 0,00 по отношению к другим исследуемым сортам. Согласно рассчитанным генетическим дистанциям сорта ʻЗорепад’ и ʻМалахит’, ʻМалахит’ и ʻДублянский’, которые относятся к одной разновидности Lactuca sativa L. var. secalina, имели высокую степень генетической близости. Сорта ʻСкарб’ и ʻПогоныч’, которые относятся к разновидностям Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia и Lactuca sativa L. var. angustana, соответственно, были генетически отдаленными, что подтверждают значения генетических дистанций. Значение индекса Шеннона внутри разновидности салата посевного по исследуемым EST-SSR маркерам составляло 0,61, между разновидностями – 0,96, среднее значение – 1,57.Выводы. Наиболее высокий уровень полиморфизма был отмечен по маркеру KSL-92, наименьшее количество аллелей (3 аллели) было идентифицировано с помощью маркера KSL-37. Сорта, генетические дистанции между которыми составляли 0,17, оказались наиболее близкими. Наиболее отдаленным сортом по исследованным EST-SSR маркерам оказался сорт ʻСкарб’. | Мета. Визначення молекулярно-генетичного поліморфізму сортів салату посівного вітчизняної селекції за EST-SSR маркерами.Методи. Молекулярно-генетичний аналіз, статистичні методи.Результати. Представлено результати вивчення молекулярно-генетичного поліморфізму 7 сортів салату посівного за 7-ма EST-SSR маркерами. За досліджуваними маркерами ідентифіковано 37 алелів, у середньому 5,29 алеля на локус. Найполіморфнішим виявився маркер KSL-92, за яким було виявлено 7 алелів, Polymorphism Information Content (РІС) – 0,98. Найменше значення РІС – 0,57 було у маркера KSL-37, за яким ідентифіковано найменшу кількість алелів – 3. Для оцінювання генетичного різноманіття сортів салату за EST-SSR маркерами було визначено генетичні дистанції між сортами із застосуванням міри близькості Жаккара. Найближчими виявились сорти з генетичними дистанціями 0,17: ‘Зорепад’ і ‘Малахіт’, ‘Малахіт’ і ‘Дублянський’, ‘Дублянський’ і ‘Смуглянка’, ‘Крутянський’ і ‘Смуглянка’. Найвіддаленішим виявився сорт ‘Скарб’ із значеннями генетичних дистанцій 0,00 щодо інших досліджуваних сортів. За розрахованими генетичними дистанціями сорти ‘Зорепад’ і ‘Малахіт’, ‘Малахіт’ і ‘Дублянський’, які належать до одного різновиду Lactuca sativa L. var. secalina, мали високий ступінь генетичної близькості. Сорти ‘Скарб’ і ‘Погонич’, які належать до різновидів L. sativa L. var. longifolia та var. angustana, відповідно, були генетично віддаленими, що підтвердили значення генетичних дистанцій. Значення індексу Шеннона всередині різновиду салату посівного за досліджуваними EST-SSR маркерами становило 0,61, між різновидами – 0,96, середнє значення – 1,57.Висновки. Найвищий рівень поліморфізму було зауважено за маркером KSL-92, найменшу кількість алелів (3 алеля) було ідентифіковано за маркером KSL-37. Сорти, генетичні дистанції між якими становили 0,17, виявились найближчими. Найвіддаленішим сортом за досліджуваними EST-SSR маркерами виявився сорт ‘Скарб’. | Purpose. Determination of molecular genetic polymorphism of lettuce cultivars of Ukrainian breeding by EST-SSR markers. Methods. Molecular genetic analysis, statistical methods. Results. The results of molecular genetic polymorphism study of 7 lettuce cultivars by 7 EST-SSR markers are presented. As a result of the analysis by studied markers, 37 alleles were detected with an average 5.29 alleles per locus. The KSL-92 marker, which identified 7 alleles, proved to be the most polymorphic (PIC – Polymorphism Information Content 0.98). The lowest PIC value (0.57) was noted for the KSL-37 marker by which 3 alleles were identified. For assessing the genetic diversity of lettuce cultivars by EST-SSR markers, genetic distances between cultivars were determined based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. It was determined that the most similar cultivars with genetic distances 0.17 were ‘Zorepad’ and ‘Malakhit’, ‘Malakhit’ and ‘Dublianskyi’, ‘Dublianskyi’ and ‘Smuhlianka’, ‘Krutianskyi’ and ‘Smuhlianka’. The most distant cultivar was ‘Skarb’ with a genetic distance 0.00 compared to other studied cultivars. According to the calculated genetic distances, the cultivars ‘Zorepad’ and ‘Malakhit’, ‘Malakhit’ and Dublianskyi’, which belong to the same variety Lactuca sativa L. var. secalina have a strong genetic similarity. The cultivars‘Skarb’ and ‘Pohonych’, which belong to the varieties Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia and Lactuca sativa L. var. angustana, respectively, were genetically distant, what was confirmed by genetic distances values. It was determined that the Shannon index within the lettuce variety by 7 EST-SSR markers is 0.61, between varieties – 0.96, the average value is 1.57. Conclusions. According to the results of studies of 7 lettuce cultivars, it was found that the highest polymorphism was determined by the KSL-92 marker, the minimum of alleles number (3 alleles) was identified by KSL-37 marker. Based on calculated genetic distances, it was noticed that lettuce cultivars, genetic distances between which are 0.17, were the most similar. The most distant cultivar based on 7 EST-SSR markers was ‘Skarb’ cultivar.

Purpose. The analysis of allelic status of such key genes of carotenogenesis as gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase (lcyε) and gene of β-carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) for DNA-markers in domestic maize lines and their hybrids. Methods. DNA isolation, PCR, gel electrophoresis. Results. Allelic status of key genes of carotenogenesis was investigated in eight maize inbred lines and their single crosses. Molecular genetic polymorphism in the studied sample of maize lines and hyb­rids has been detected in gene of β-carotene hydroxylase for marker crtRB1-3’TE. For this gene, codominant character of inheritance of alleles of parental lines in single crosses was confirmed. For markers of gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase lcyε-3’INDL and lcyε-SNP216, polymorphism in the group of investigated lines and hybrids has not been identified, genotypes included only one variant of alleles for each marker. For lines ‘DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK633/266zS,zM’, ‘DK366zS,zM’ and hybrids ‘DK296S×DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK272S×DK633/266zS,zM’ and ‘DK231S×DK366zS,zM’, the decrease of the activi­ty of β-carotene hydroxylase owing to the mutation of gene crtRB1 under the influence of transposone element at the 3’-end, the inhibition of β-carotene transition into β-cryptoxanthin can be expected, that allows to predict β-carotene accumulation in grain. Conclusions. The study of allelic status of carotenegenesis gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase in maize showed no polymorphism for markers lcyε-3’INDL and lcyε-SNP216 in eight inbred lines and their single crosses, along with this, for marker lcyε-3’INDL in genomes of all studied samples the allele was identified to be favorable for the accumulation of β-carotene. For marker crtRB1-3’TE of gene of β-carotene hydroxylase, the studied breeding material was polymorphic. Allele of crtRB1 being favorable for the accumulation of β-carotene was identified in lines ‘DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK633/266zS,zM’, ‘DK366zS,zM’ and hybrids ‘DK296S×DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK272S×DK633/266zS,zM’ and ‘DK231S×DK366zS,zM’. Single crosses inherit maternal and paternal alleles of gene of β-carotene hydroxylase codominantly.

Purpose. The analysis of allelic status of such key genes of carotenogenesis as gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase (lcyε) and gene of β-carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) for DNA-markers in domestic maize lines and their hybrids. Methods. DNA isolation, PCR, gel electrophoresis. Results. Allelic status of key genes of carotenogenesis was investigated in eight maize inbred lines and their single crosses. Molecular genetic polymorphism in the studied sample of maize lines and hyb­rids has been detected in gene of β-carotene hydroxylase for marker crtRB1-3’TE. For this gene, codominant character of inheritance of alleles of parental lines in single crosses was confirmed. For markers of gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase lcyε-3’INDL and lcyε-SNP216, polymorphism in the group of investigated lines and hybrids has not been identified, genotypes included only one variant of alleles for each marker. For lines ‘DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK633/266zS,zM’, ‘DK366zS,zM’ and hybrids ‘DK296S×DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK272S×DK633/266zS,zM’ and ‘DK231S×DK366zS,zM’, the decrease of the activi­ty of β-carotene hydroxylase owing to the mutation of gene crtRB1 under the influence of transposone element at the 3’-end, the inhibition of β-carotene transition into β-cryptoxanthin can be expected, that allows to predict β-carotene accumulation in grain. Conclusions. The study of allelic status of carotenegenesis gene of lycopene-ε-cyclase in maize showed no polymorphism for markers lcyε-3’INDL and lcyε-SNP216 in eight inbred lines and their single crosses, along with this, for marker lcyε-3’INDL in genomes of all studied samples the allele was identified to be favorable for the accumulation of β-carotene. For marker crtRB1-3’TE of gene of β-carotene hydroxylase, the studied breeding material was polymorphic. Allele of crtRB1 being favorable for the accumulation of β-carotene was identified in lines ‘DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK633/266zS,zM’, ‘DK366zS,zM’ and hybrids ‘DK296S×DK253ZSZM’, ‘DK272S×DK633/266zS,zM’ and ‘DK231S×DK366zS,zM’. Single crosses inherit maternal and paternal alleles of gene of β-carotene hydroxylase codominantly.

Purpose. To develop a conceptually new method for determination of varietal purity (typicality), hybridity, steri­lity of seed lots. Methods of molecular biology (genomic DNA extraction, PCR with SSR markers application, capillary electrophoresis), genetic, statistical, mathematical analysis. Results. New method for determining the varietal qualities of seed lot was developed that consists of the following steps: simultaneous DNA extraction from a representative sample of aggregated seeds; PCR and further analysis of the amplification products by determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of SSR-markers’ alleles; calculation of values of varietal seed lot quality using experimentally derived allele ratios. Conclusions. The developed method for determining varietal qualities of seed lots allows to reduce significantly the consumption of materials, time and labor during the analysis. Consistent qualification and quantification of alleles in the total sample of a seed lot is a conceptually new approach to establish varietal purity (typicality), hybridity, sterility.

Abstract The genus Salispina was recently described for saprotrophic estuarine oomycetes with aculeolate or spiny sporangia. The genus currently contains three species, S. intermedia, S. lobata, and S. spinosa, the latter two previously included in Halophytophthora. During a survey of mangrove-inhabiting oomycetes in the Philippines, an isolate of Salispina (USTCMS 1611), was obtained from a decaying mangrove leaf. This isolate differed from other species in the genus in a unique combination of morphological and biological characters. Phylogenetic analysis revealed it to be the sister lineage of S. lobata. Consequently, the new species name S. hoi is introduced for the isolate. In addition, Salispina spp. grouped with Sapromyces of Rhipidiales with strong support, but differs from all other known genera of the order in the weak formation of hyphal constrictions, and absence of basal thalli and a holdfast network. The new family Salispinaceae is, therefore, described to accommodate Salispina in the order Rhipidiales.

Stabilizing (centripetal) breeding produced donor of short stem characteristic for winter rye (Secale cereale L.) with height of plants ranging from cm 50 to 60. Distribution curve of plant's height remained symmetric with cummulation of frequencies at central classes (leptokurtic). For the first time, designation for new allele of short-stem gene HI-2HI-2 and donor name Gnome 2 was suggested. Gnome 2 was found to have direct genetic correlation of plant height with number of flowers in the ear, length of the ear, weight of 100 seeds from the plant, as well as reverse correlation with ear density and weight of kernels from the ear.

Stabilizing (centripetal) breeding produced donor of short stem characteristic for winter rye (Secale cereale L.) with height of plants ranging from cm 50 to 60. Distribution curve of plant's height remained symmetric with cummulation of frequencies at central classes (leptokurtic). For the first time, designation for new allele of short-stem gene HI-2HI-2 and donor name Gnome 2 was suggested. Gnome 2 was found to have direct genetic correlation of plant height with number of flowers in the ear, length of the ear, weight of 100 seeds from the plant, as well as reverse correlation with ear density and weight of kernels from the ear.

The article reflects the progress of genetic decrease of Rye F 3k- 10029/ Saratovske (Саратовське) 4 height by means of the shortest stem plants selection during the period from 1974 to 2010. 37 years selection of the shortest- stern genotypes decreased the plants height from 119.33 cm to 22.57cm. Targeted selection into minus direction decreased the plants height in 5,29 times on the background of the dominant HI expression. In average, the height of plants in the course of 27 breeding cycles were decreasing by 2.69 cm, but that was not going gradually. A new donor Gnom 3 had been created for ultra short-stem trait of the Winter Rye, with the marking of alleles HI-3HI-3. Relative influence on the minus selection efficiency has been established by height of plants for the selection differential (38%) and coefficient of inheritance in narrow sense (14,56%). Realized efficiency of selection in decrease of winter rye height in 72,08% of cases corresponded to predicted hit ration of the breeding. Analyzes of genetic and statistical parameters and correlation clusters of 11 utilitarian average characteristics of ultra short- stem rye Gnom 3 for the period of 1974 to 2010 has been performed.

Abstract The entomopathogenic genus Ophiocordyceps includes a highly diverse group of fungal species, predominantly parasitizing insects in the orders Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. However, other insect orders are also parasitized by these fungi, for example the Blattodea (termites and cockroaches). Despite their ubiquity in nearly all environments insects occur, blattodeans are rarely found infected by filamentous fungi and thus, their ecology and evolutionary history remain obscure. In this study, we propose a new species of Ophiocordyceps infecting the social cockroaches Salganea esakii and S. taiwanensis, based on 16 years of collections and field observations in Japan, especially in the Ryukyu Archipelago. We found a high degree of genetic similarity between specimens from different islands, infecting these two Salganea species and that this relationship is ancient, likely not originating from a recent host jump. Furthermore, we found that Ophiocordyceps lineages infecting cockroaches evolved around the same time, at least twice, one from beetles and the other from termites. We have also investigated the evolutionary relationships between Ophiocordyceps and termites and present the phylogenetic placement of O. cf. blattae. Our analyses also show that O. sinensis could have originated from an ancestor infecting termite, instead of beetle larvae as previously proposed.

Purpose. To reveal the nature of the inheritance of apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower and the type of interaction of genes causing different colors. Methods. Field experiment, genetic analysis. The statistical validity of the results was evaluated using Pearson’s criterion. Results. We conducted crosses of the ‘KG13’ line as the source of the sign of apricot color with sunflower lines that had yellow, orange and lemon colors of the ray flowers. In the first generation, from crossing the ‘KG13’ line with five lines, which had a yellow color, only a yellow color of ray flowers was observed. In the second generation, a 3 : 1 split was observed: three-quarters with yellow flowers and one with apricot flowers. Line ‘KG13’ was crossed with three lines (‘HA298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), which had an orange color of flowers. In the first generation, orange flowers were observed; in the second gene­ration, splitting was recorded: three-quarters of offsprings with orange-colored flowers and one-quarter with apricot flowers. The line ‘KG13’ was crossed with ‘KG107’ and ‘ZL678’, which had lemon-colored flowers. The resulting plants of the first generation had a yellow coloration of ray flowers. In the second generation, five classes of plants by coloration of ray flowers were obtained: yellow, orange, apricot, lemon, lemon-apricot in the ratio 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. According to these data, the genes of lemon and apricot color have a complementary effect, the homozygous state of orange allele is epistatic to the recessive homozygote of the lemon-colored gene. The ‘KG108’ line with a combination of genes responsible for apricot and light yellow color has its own light apricot color and in crossings with a yellow colored line in the second generation gives splitting in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Conclusions. It was revealed that the apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower line ‘KG13’ is due to the homozygous state of the allele of the same gene whose second allele causes an orange color in the lines ‘NA298’, ‘SL2966’ and ‘LD72/3’. The complementary action of alleles responsible for apricot and lemon, as well as apricot and light yellow coloration of ray flowers was determined. A case of epistasis of homozygotes along the allele controlling the orange color over the recessive homozygote of the gene, which is controlled by the lemon color in the crossing combination ‘ZL678’ / ‘KG13’, was revealed.

Цель. Установить характер наследования абрикосовой окраски краевых цветков подсолнечника и типы взаимодействия генов, обусловливающих различные типы окраски. Методы. Полевой опыт, генетический анализ. Статистическую достоверность результатов оценивали с помощью критерия Пирсона. Результаты. Проведено скрещивание линии ‘КГ13’, источника признака абрикосовой окраски, с линиями подсолнечника, которые имеют желтую, оранжевую и лимонную окраску краевых цветков. В первом гибридном поколении от скрещивания ‘КГ13’ с пятью линиями, которые имели желтый цвет, наблюдали только желтую окраску краевых цветков. Во втором гиб­ридном поколении получено расщепление потомков на два класса – с желтой и с абрикосовой окраской цветков, в соотношении 3 : 1. Линия ‘КГ13’ была скрещена с тремя линиями (’НА298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), которые имели оранжевую окраску цветков. В первом поколении наблюдали оранжевую окраску цветков, во втором – зафиксировано расщепление: три четверти потомков с оранжевой окрас­кой цветков к одной четверти с абрикосовой. Линия ‘КГ13’ была скрещена с ‘КГ107’ и ‘ЗЛ678’, которые имели лимонную окраску цветков. Полученные растения первого поколения имели желтую окраску краевых цветков. Во втором поколении получено пять классов растений по окраске краевых цветков: желтые, оранжевые, абрикосовые, лимонные, лимонно-абрикосовые в соотношении 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. По этому расщеплению аллели лимонной и абрикосовой окраски имеют комплементарное действие, гомозиготное состояние оранжевого аллеля епистатирует над рецессивной гомозиготой гена лимонной окраски. Линия ‘КГ108’ с сочетанием генов, обусловливающих абрикосовый и светло-желтый цвет, имеет светло-абрикосовую окраску и в скрещиваниях во втором поколении дает расщепление в соотношении 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Выводы. Абрикосовая окраска краевых цветков линии подсолнечника ‘КГ13’ обусловлена гомозиготным состоянием аллеля того же гена, второй аллель которого вызывает оранжевый цвет у линий ‘НА298’, ‘SL2966’ и ‘LD72/3’. Установлено комплементарное действие аллелей, обусловливающих абрикосовую и лимонную, а также абрикосовую и светло-желтую окраску краевых цветков. Выявлен случай эпистаза гомозиготы по аллелю оранжевого цвета над рецессивным состоянием гена, который вызывает лимонную окраску в комбинации скрещивания ‘ЗЛ678’ / ‘КГ13’. | Мета. Установити характер успадкування абрикосового забарвлення крайових квіток соняшнику та типи взаємодії генів, що зумовлюють різні типи забарвлення. Методи. Польовий дослід, генетичний аналіз. Статистичну достовірність результатів оцінювали за допомогою критерія Пірсона. Результати. Проведено схрещування лінії ‘КГ13’, джерела ознаки абрикосового забарвлення, з лініями соняшнику, які мають жовте, оранжеве та лимонне забарвлення крайових квіток. У першому гібридному поколінні від схрещування ‘КГ13’ із п’ятьма лініями, які мали жовтий колір, спостерігали лише жовте забарвлення крайових квіток. У другому гібридному поколінні отримано розщеплення нащадків на два класи – із жовтим та з абрикосовим забарвленням квіток, у співвідношенні 3 : 1. Лінія ‘КГ13’ була схрещена з трьома лініями (‘НА298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), які мали оранжеве забарвлення квіток. У першому поколінні спостерігали оранжеве забарвлення квіток, у другому – зафіксовано розщеплення: три чверті нащадків з оранжевим забарвленням квіток до однієї чверті з абрикосовим. Лінія ‘КГ13’ була схрещена з ‘КГ107’ та ‘ЗЛ678’, які мали лимонне забарвлення квіток. Отримані рослини першого покоління мали жовте забарвлення крайових квіток. У другому поколінні отримано п’ять класів рослин за забарвленням крайових квіток: жовті, оранжеві, абрикосові, лимонні, лимонно-абрикосові у співвідношенні 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. За цим розщепленням алелі лимонного та абрикосового забарвлення мають комплементарну дію, гомозиготний стан оранжевого алеля епістатує над рецесивною гомозиготою гена лимонного забарвлення. Лінія ‘КГ108’ з поєднанням генів, що зумовлюють абрикосовий та світло-жовтий колір, має світло-абрикосове забарвлення і в схрещуваннях у другому поколінні дає розщеплення у співвідношенні 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Висновки. Абрикосове забарвлення крайових квіток лінії соняшнику ‘КГ13’ зумовлено гомозиготним станом алелю того ж самого гена, другий алель якого спричинює оранжевий колір у ліній ‘НА298’, ‘SL2966’ та ‘LD72/3’. Установлено комплементарну дію алелів, що зумовлюють абрикосове й лимонне, а також абрикосове та світло-жовте забарвлення крайових квіток. Виявлено випадок епістазу гомозиготи за алелем оранжевого забарвлення над рецесивним станом гена, який зумовлює лимонне забарвлення в комбінації схрещування ‘ЗЛ678’ / ‘КГ13’. | Purpose. To reveal the nature of the inheritance of apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower and the type of interaction of genes causing different colors. Methods. Field experiment, genetic analysis. The statistical validity of the results was evaluated using Pearson’s criterion. Results. We conducted crosses of the ‘KG13’ line as the source of the sign of apricot color with sunflower lines that had yellow, orange and lemon colors of the ray flowers. In the first generation, from crossing the ‘KG13’ line with five lines, which had a yellow color, only a yellow color of ray flowers was observed. In the second generation, a 3 : 1 split was observed: three-quarters with yellow flowers and one with apricot flowers. Line ‘KG13’ was crossed with three lines (‘HA298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), which had an orange color of flowers. In the first generation, orange flowers were observed; in the second gene­ration, splitting was recorded: three-quarters of offsprings with orange-colored flowers and one-quarter with apricot flowers. The line ‘KG13’ was crossed with ‘KG107’ and ‘ZL678’, which had lemon-colored flowers. The resulting plants of the first generation had a yellow coloration of ray flowers. In the second generation, five classes of plants by coloration of ray flowers were obtained: yellow, orange, apricot, lemon, lemon-apricot in the ratio 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. According to these data, the genes of lemon and apricot color have a complementary effect, the homozygous state of orange allele is epistatic to the recessive homozygote of the lemon-colored gene. The ‘KG108’ line with a combination of genes responsible for apricot and light yellow color has its own light apricot color and in crossings with a yellow colored line in the second generation gives splitting in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Conclusions. It was revealed that the apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower line ‘KG13’ is due to the homozygous state of the allele of the same gene whose second allele causes an orange color in the lines ‘NA298’, ‘SL2966’ and ‘LD72/3’. The complementary action of alleles responsible for apricot and lemon, as well as apricot and light yellow coloration of ray flowers was determined. A case of epistasis of homozygotes along the allele controlling the orange color over the recessive homozygote of the gene, which is controlled by the lemon color in the crossing combination ‘ZL678’ / ‘KG13’, was revealed.

Purpose. To reveal the nature of the inheritance of apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower and the type of interaction of genes causing different colors. Methods. Field experiment, genetic analysis. The statistical validity of the results was evaluated using Pearson’s criterion. Results. We conducted crosses of the ‘KG13’ line as the source of the sign of apricot color with sunflower lines that had yellow, orange and lemon colors of the ray flowers. In the first generation, from crossing the ‘KG13’ line with five lines, which had a yellow color, only a yellow color of ray flowers was observed. In the second generation, a 3 : 1 split was observed: three-quarters with yellow flowers and one with apricot flowers. Line ‘KG13’ was crossed with three lines (‘HA298’, ‘SL2966’, ‘LD72/3’), which had an orange color of flowers. In the first generation, orange flowers were observed; in the second gene­ration, splitting was recorded: three-quarters of offsprings with orange-colored flowers and one-quarter with apricot flowers. The line ‘KG13’ was crossed with ‘KG107’ and ‘ZL678’, which had lemon-colored flowers. The resulting plants of the first generation had a yellow coloration of ray flowers. In the second generation, five classes of plants by coloration of ray flowers were obtained: yellow, orange, apricot, lemon, lemon-apricot in the ratio 6 : 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. According to these data, the genes of lemon and apricot color have a complementary effect, the homozygous state of orange allele is epistatic to the recessive homozygote of the lemon-colored gene. The ‘KG108’ line with a combination of genes responsible for apricot and light yellow color has its own light apricot color and in crossings with a yellow colored line in the second generation gives splitting in the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Conclusions. It was revealed that the apricot color of the ray flowers of the sunflower line ‘KG13’ is due to the homozygous state of the allele of the same gene whose second allele causes an orange color in the lines ‘NA298’, ‘SL2966’ and ‘LD72/3’. The complementary action of alleles responsible for apricot and lemon, as well as apricot and light yellow coloration of ray flowers was determined. A case of epistasis of homozygotes along the allele controlling the orange color over the recessive homozygote of the gene, which is controlled by the lemon color in the crossing combination ‘ZL678’ / ‘KG13’, was revealed.

Purpose. To review publications relating to the key point of the genotyping technology that is competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (which is called now Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR, KASPTM) and its use in various genetic-breeding researching (a study of maize). Results. The essence of KASP-genotyping, its advantages are highlighted. The requirements for matrix DNA are presented, since the success of the KASP-analysis depends on its qua­lity and quantity. Examples of global projects of plant breeding for increasing crop yields using the KASP genoty­ping technology are given. The results of KASP genotyping and their introduction into breeding and seed production, in particular, for determining genetic identity, genetic purity, origin check, marker-assisted selection, etc. are presented using maize as an example. It is demonstrated how geno­mic selection according to KASP genotyping technology can lead to rapid genetic enhancement of drought resistance in maize. Comparison of the effectiveness of creating lines with certain traits (for example, combination of high grain yield and drought resistance) using traditional breeding approaches (phenotype selection) and molecular genetic methods (selection by markers) was proved that it takes four seasons (two years in case of greenhouses) in order to unlock the potential of the plant genotype using traditional self-pollination, test-crossing and definitions), while using markers, the population was enriched with target alleles during one season. At the same time, there was no need for a stress factor. Conclusions. KASP genotyping technology is a high-precision and effective tool for modern genetics and breeding, which is successfully used to study genetic diversity, genetic relationship, population structure, gene­tic identity, genetic purity, origin check, quantitative locus mapping, allele mapping, marker-assisted selection, marker-assisted breeding. It is expedient and timely to introduce KASP genotyping technology in our country to solve a wide range of modern genetics, breeding, seed production tasks.

Purpose. To review publications relating to the key point of the genotyping technology that is competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (which is called now Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR, KASPTM) and its use in various genetic-breeding researching (a study of maize). Results. The essence of KASP-genotyping, its advantages are highlighted. The requirements for matrix DNA are presented, since the success of the KASP-analysis depends on its qua­lity and quantity. Examples of global projects of plant breeding for increasing crop yields using the KASP genoty­ping technology are given. The results of KASP genotyping and their introduction into breeding and seed production, in particular, for determining genetic identity, genetic purity, origin check, marker-assisted selection, etc. are presented using maize as an example. It is demonstrated how geno­mic selection according to KASP genotyping technology can lead to rapid genetic enhancement of drought resistance in maize. Comparison of the effectiveness of creating lines with certain traits (for example, combination of high grain yield and drought resistance) using traditional breeding approaches (phenotype selection) and molecular genetic methods (selection by markers) was proved that it takes four seasons (two years in case of greenhouses) in order to unlock the potential of the plant genotype using traditional self-pollination, test-crossing and definitions), while using markers, the population was enriched with target alleles during one season. At the same time, there was no need for a stress factor. Conclusions. KASP genotyping technology is a high-precision and effective tool for modern genetics and breeding, which is successfully used to study genetic diversity, genetic relationship, population structure, gene­tic identity, genetic purity, origin check, quantitative locus mapping, allele mapping, marker-assisted selection, marker-assisted breeding. It is expedient and timely to introduce KASP genotyping technology in our country to solve a wide range of modern genetics, breeding, seed production tasks.