Purpose. To elaborate winter wheat cultivation technologies based on balanced fertilizer system that combines application of mineral fertilizers and the increase of their efficiency by the use of preparations with microelements. Methods. Field and laboratory studies, mathematical and statistical analysis. Results. During 2011–2013, the effect of cultivation technologies on the formation of yield and quality of winter wheat varie­ty ‘Benefis’ (pea is a predecessor) was studied. In case of alternative technologies that provided adding only by-products of the predecessor, the yield of winter wheat was 3.73 t/ha when using integrated protection system, and it was increased to 4.22 t/ha with grain quality of the 4th–5th class of the group B when foliar dressing was applied. Resource saving technologies of cultivation with restricted use of fertilizers (Р45К45N30(II)+30(IV)) provided productivity at the level of 5.19–5.61 t/ha with grain quality of the 2nd–3rd class of the group A. Grain yield of 6.27 t/ha of the 2nd class quality was obtained by the use of intensive cultivation technology, which included application of mineral fertilizers (Р90К90N30(II)+60(IV)+30(VIII)) in addition to the use of predecessor’s by-products and foliar dressing. The highest yield of grain (6.71 t/ha) on average during all years of the study with the 1st class of the group A quality was provided by energy-intensive technology, which included application of P135K135N60(II)+75(IV)+45(VIII) with embedding of predecessor’s by-products into the soil and foliar dressing. Conclusions. It was established that in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine the highest productivity of winter wheat was obtained in dark gray podzolic soils using the energy-intensive technology with application of P135K135N60(II)+75(IV)+45(VIII) against the background of predecessor’s by-products embedded into the soil in case of integrated plant protection, and foliar dres­sing. This technology ensured the yield of 6.71 t/ha with grain quality of the 1st class of the group A.

Purpose. To elaborate winter wheat cultivation technologies based on balanced fertilizer system that combines application of mineral fertilizers and the increase of their efficiency by the use of preparations with microelements. Methods. Field and laboratory studies, mathematical and statistical analysis. Results. During 2011–2013, the effect of cultivation technologies on the formation of yield and quality of winter wheat varie­ty ‘Benefis’ (pea is a predecessor) was studied. In case of alternative technologies that provided adding only by-products of the predecessor, the yield of winter wheat was 3.73 t/ha when using integrated protection system, and it was increased to 4.22 t/ha with grain quality of the 4th–5th class of the group B when foliar dressing was applied. Resource saving technologies of cultivation with restricted use of fertilizers (Р45К45N30(II)+30(IV)) provided productivity at the level of 5.19–5.61 t/ha with grain quality of the 2nd–3rd class of the group A. Grain yield of 6.27 t/ha of the 2nd class quality was obtained by the use of intensive cultivation technology, which included application of mineral fertilizers (Р90К90N30(II)+60(IV)+30(VIII)) in addition to the use of predecessor’s by-products and foliar dressing. The highest yield of grain (6.71 t/ha) on average during all years of the study with the 1st class of the group A quality was provided by energy-intensive technology, which included application of P135K135N60(II)+75(IV)+45(VIII) with embedding of predecessor’s by-products into the soil and foliar dressing. Conclusions. It was established that in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine the highest productivity of winter wheat was obtained in dark gray podzolic soils using the energy-intensive technology with application of P135K135N60(II)+75(IV)+45(VIII) against the background of predecessor’s by-products embedded into the soil in case of integrated plant protection, and foliar dres­sing. This technology ensured the yield of 6.71 t/ha with grain quality of the 1st class of the group A.

Purpose. To determine the features of the leaf surface area formation and the dynamics of growth of the vege­tative mass of various sainfoin species depending on the influence of mineral fertilizers and inoculation. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. In the course of experimental studies, the morphological features of plants in the process of growth and development of various sainfoin species were studied. As our studies showed, all sainfoin species had different plant densities, which accordingly affected the leaf surface area. In the budding phase, the leaf surface area of plants of the first year in continuous cultivation ranged from 17.01 to 24.3 thousand m2/ha on average over three years; in particular, from 18.06 to 24.3 – for common sainfoin; 17.6–20.5 – for transcaucasus sainfoin and 17.1–20.3 thousand m2/ha – for sand sainfoin. The maximum leaf surface area of the plants of the first year of cultivation, regardless of its species, was observed during flowering with the application of complete mineral fertilizer (N45P60K90). In areas without fertilizer this figure was much lower. In the experiments, an increase in the leaf surface on all three studied species and sainfoin varieties from the first to the third year of their cultivation was clearly observed. According to the results of gross productivity for 2 mowings, it was found that common sainfoin forms the maximum increase of top with complete mineral fertilizer and seed inoculation – 43.03 t/ha. Conclusions. The productivity of sainfoin crops depended mostly on the application of complete fertilizer at a dose of N45P60K90 + inoculation of seeds. To a much lesser extent, the species of sainfoin and the cutting height of the first mowing of the grass stand affected its productivity. It was revealed that the greatest dynamics of vegetative mass growth was observed in common sainfoin, and the smallest was recorded in sand sainfoin.

Purpose. To determine the features of the leaf surface area formation and the dynamics of growth of the vege­tative mass of various sainfoin species depending on the influence of mineral fertilizers and inoculation. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. In the course of experimental studies, the morphological features of plants in the process of growth and development of various sainfoin species were studied. As our studies showed, all sainfoin species had different plant densities, which accordingly affected the leaf surface area. In the budding phase, the leaf surface area of plants of the first year in continuous cultivation ranged from 17.01 to 24.3 thousand m2/ha on average over three years; in particular, from 18.06 to 24.3 – for common sainfoin; 17.6–20.5 – for transcaucasus sainfoin and 17.1–20.3 thousand m2/ha – for sand sainfoin. The maximum leaf surface area of the plants of the first year of cultivation, regardless of its species, was observed during flowering with the application of complete mineral fertilizer (N45P60K90). In areas without fertilizer this figure was much lower. In the experiments, an increase in the leaf surface on all three studied species and sainfoin varieties from the first to the third year of their cultivation was clearly observed. According to the results of gross productivity for 2 mowings, it was found that common sainfoin forms the maximum increase of top with complete mineral fertilizer and seed inoculation – 43.03 t/ha. Conclusions. The productivity of sainfoin crops depended mostly on the application of complete fertilizer at a dose of N45P60K90 + inoculation of seeds. To a much lesser extent, the species of sainfoin and the cutting height of the first mowing of the grass stand affected its productivity. It was revealed that the greatest dynamics of vegetative mass growth was observed in common sainfoin, and the smallest was recorded in sand sainfoin. | Цель. Определить особенности формирования площади листовой поверхности и динамику нарастания вегетативной массы различных видов эспарцета в зависимости от влияния минеральных удобрений и инокуляции. Методы. Полевой, лабораторный, статистический. Результаты. В процессе экспериментальных исследований изучены морфологические особенности растений в процессе роста и развития различных видов эспарцета. Как показали исследования, все виды эспарцета имели различную плотность стояния растений, которая соответствующим образом влияла на площадь листовой поверхности. В фазе бутонизации площадь листовой поверхности растений эспарцета первого года выращивания в сплошном посеве в среднем за три года колебалась от 17,01 до 24,3 тыс. м2/га, в частности, у посевного – от 18,06 до 24,3; закавказского – 17,6–20,5 и песчаного – 17,1–20,3 тыс. м2/га. Максимальную площадь листовой поверхности у растений эспарцета первого года выращивания, независимо от его вида, наблюдали в период цветения при внесении полного минерального удобрения (N45Р60К90). На участках без удобрения этот показатель был значительно меньше. В опытах четко наб­людалось увеличение листовой поверхности на всех трех исследуемых видах и сортах эспарцета от первого к третьему году ихнего выращивания. Согласно полученным результатам по валовой урожайности за 2 укоса установлено, что максимальное нарастание надземной массы формирует эспарцет посевной при полном минеральном удобрении и инокуляции семян – 43,03 т/га. Выводы. Продуктивность в посевах эспарцета больше зависела от внесения полного минерального удобрения в дозе N45Р60К90 + инокуляция семян. Значительно в меньшей степени влияли вид эспарцета и высота скашивания травостоя первого укоса. В результате исследований установлено, что наибольшая динамика нарастания вегетативной массы наблюдалась у эспарцета посевного, а наименьшую было зафиксировано у эспарцета песчаного. | Мета. Визначити особливості формування площі листкової поверхні та динаміку наростання вегетативної маси різних видів еспарцету залежно від впливу мінеральних добрив та інокуляції. Методи. Польовий, лабораторний, статистичний. Результати. Під час експериментальних досліджень вивчено морфологічні особливості рослин у процесі росту й розвитку різних видів еспарцету. Як показали дослідження, всі види еспарцету мали різну щільність стояння рослин, яка відповідним чином впливала на площу листкової поверхні. У фазу бутонізації площа листкової поверхні рослин еспарцету першого року вирощування у суцільному посіві в середньому за три роки коливалась від 17,01 до 24,3 тис. м2/га, зокрема, у посівного – від 18,06 до 24,3; закавказького – 17,6–20,5 і піщаного – 17,1–20,3 тис. м2/га. Максимальну площу листкової поверхні у еспарцету першого року вирощування, незалежно від його виду, спостерігали в період цвітіння за внесення повного мінерального добрива (N45Р60К90). На неудобрених ділянках цей показник був значно менший. У дослідах чітко спостерігалось збільшення листкової поверхні на всіх трьох досліджуваних видах та сортах еспарцету від першого до третього року їхнього вирощування. Згідно з отриманими результатами валової врожайності за 2 укоси встановлено, що максимальне наростання надземної маси формує еспарцет посівний за пов­ного мінерального удобрення та інокуляції насіння – 43,03 т/га. Висновки. Продуктивність еспарцетових посівів найбільше залежала від внесення повного мінерального добрива в дозі N45Р60К90 + інокуляція насіння. Значно меншою мірою впливали вид еспарцету та висота скошування травостою першого укосу. У результаті досліджень встановлено, що найбільша динаміка наростання вегетативної маси спостерігалась в еспарцету посівного, а найменшу було зафіксовано в еспарцету піщаного.

Purpose. To determine the features of the leaf surface area formation and the dynamics of growth of the vege­tative mass of various sainfoin species depending on the influence of mineral fertilizers and inoculation. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. In the course of experimental studies, the morphological features of plants in the process of growth and development of various sainfoin species were studied. As our studies showed, all sainfoin species had different plant densities, which accordingly affected the leaf surface area. In the budding phase, the leaf surface area of plants of the first year in continuous cultivation ranged from 17.01 to 24.3 thousand m2/ha on average over three years; in particular, from 18.06 to 24.3 – for common sainfoin; 17.6–20.5 – for transcaucasus sainfoin and 17.1–20.3 thousand m2/ha – for sand sainfoin. The maximum leaf surface area of the plants of the first year of cultivation, regardless of its species, was observed during flowering with the application of complete mineral fertilizer (N45P60K90). In areas without fertilizer this figure was much lower. In the experiments, an increase in the leaf surface on all three studied species and sainfoin varieties from the first to the third year of their cultivation was clearly observed. According to the results of gross productivity for 2 mowings, it was found that common sainfoin forms the maximum increase of top with complete mineral fertilizer and seed inoculation – 43.03 t/ha. Conclusions. The productivity of sainfoin crops depended mostly on the application of complete fertilizer at a dose of N45P60K90 + inoculation of seeds. To a much lesser extent, the species of sainfoin and the cutting height of the first mowing of the grass stand affected its productivity. It was revealed that the greatest dynamics of vegetative mass growth was observed in common sainfoin, and the smallest was recorded in sand sainfoin.