There is the method represented in the article for frost resistance determination for Winter Wheat (soft and hard) varieties by experts’ assessment of varieties submitted for Official Variety Studying. Prescribed temperature limits for artificial freezing of the plants, example varieties for frost-resistance groups, are indicated.

Morels are highly prized edible fungi where sexual reproduction is essential for fruiting-body production. As a result, a comprehensive understanding of their sexual reproduction is of great interest. Central to this is the identification of the reproductive strategies used by morels. Sexual reproduction in fungi is controlled by mating-type (MAT) genes and morels are thought to be mainly heterothallic with two idiomorphs, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. Genomic sequencing of black (Elata clade) and yellow (Esculenta clade) morel species has led to the development of PCR primers designed to amplify genes from the two idiomorphs for rapid genotyping of isolates from these two clades. To evaluate the design and theoretical performance of these primers we performed a thorough bioinformatic investigation, including the detection of the MAT region in publicly available Morchella genomes and in-silico PCR analyses. All examined genomes, including those used for primer design, appeared to be heterothallic. This indicates an inherent fault in the original primer design which utilized a single Morchella genome, as the use of two genomes with complementary mating types would be required to design accurate primers for both idiomorphs. Furthermore, potential off-targets were identified for some of the previously published primer sets, but verification was challenging due to lack of adequate genomic information and detailed methodologies for primer design. Examinations of the black morel specific primer pairs (MAT11L/R and MAT22L/R) indicated the MAT22 primers would correctly target and amplify the MAT1-2 idiomorph, but the MAT11 primers appear to be capable of amplifying incorrect off-targets within the genome. The yellow morel primer pairs (EMAT1-1 L/R and EMAT1-2 L/R) appear to have reporting errors, as the published primer sequences are dissimilar with reported amplicon sequences and the EMAT1-2 primers appear to amplify the RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) gene. The lack of the reference genome used in primer design and descriptive methodology made it challenging to fully assess the apparent issues with the primers for this clade. In conclusion, additional work is still required for the generation of reliable primers to investigate mating types in morels and to assess their performance on different clades and across multiple geographical regions.

The best cabbage lettuce varieties for seedling and non seedling planting under the conditions of the open soil were defined. The potential productivity of the varieties under research in the conditions of the open soil were grounded from the scientific point of view. The influence of planting methods on plants productivity, produvtivity and quality of fresh lettuce heads was analyzed.

Цель. По результатам всестороннего исследования особенностей роста, развития, плодоношения и качества плодов растений спонтанных мутантов яблони (Malus domestica Borkh.) сорта ‘Jonagold’ выделить отличающиеся от исходного сорта по силе роста деревьев, превосходящие по урожайности, товарным качествам, лежкости плодов и экономической эффективности производства последних. Методы. Полевой, лабораторный, сравнения, обобщения и математической статистики. Результаты. Представлены результаты изучения особенностей роста и плодоношения 20 украинских спонтанных клонов сорта ‘Jonagold’ в условиях Западной Лесостепи Украины. Определено, что растения исследуемых клонов по срокам начала и продолжительности основных фенологических фаз и вегетационного периода не отличались от большинства распространенных и хорошо адаптированных к условиям Подолья сортов яблони. Съемная зрелость плодов у клонов наступала во второй-третьей декадах сентября, с разницей в семь суток. Деревья большинства клонов (ДП‑4, ДП‑5, ДП‑9, ДП‑10, ДП‑13, ДП‑14 и ДП‑17) были среднерослыми. Урожайность пяти-восьми­летних насаждений клонов составляла 12,1–32,3 т/га, что обеспечивало экономически эффективное культивирование в условиях Подолья, уровень рентабельности производства составлял 66–242%. Все спонтанные мутанты формировали плоды выше среднего размера (кроме ДП‑20, большие), красивые, нарядные, которые, в зависимости от клона, различались по интенсивности и характеру покровной окраски. Клоны ДП‑1, ДП‑3, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 и ДП‑19 отличались самым большим выходом яблок высшего и первого товарного сорта и по этому свойству значительно превосходили контрольный сорт. Испытанные клоны разделены на три группы по срокам созревания плодов: раннезимние, зимние, позднезимние. Выводы. Многолетняя оценка объектов исследования позволила установить, что биологические свойства растений украинских клонов сорта ‘Jonagold’ соответствуют климатическим условиям Западной Лесостепи Украины. По силе роста деревьев большинство из них относятся к группе среднерослых (ДП‑4, ДП‑5, ДП‑9, ДП‑10, ДП‑13, ДП‑14 и ДП‑17) и характеризовались смешанным типом плодоношения. Клоны ДП‑1, ДП‑3, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 и ДП‑19 выделялись высоким выходом плодов высшего и первого товарного сортов. По основным показателям качества плодов лучшими признаны клоны ДП‑3, ДП‑8, ДП‑13, ДП‑14, ДП‑16, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 и ДП‑20; наиболее высокую экономическую эффективность производства яблок на Подолье обеспечивали клоны ДП‑14, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 и ДП‑19. Последние рекомендованы для регистрации в Государственном реестре сортов растений, пригодных для выращивания в Украине, как перспективные для внедрения в насаждения по производству плодов универсального назначения в зоне Западной Лесостепи Украины. | Мета. На основі всебічного дослідження особливостей росту, розвитку, плодоношення та якості плодів рослин спонтанних мутантів яблуні (Malus domestica Borkh.) сорту ‘Jonagold’ виділити такі, що відрізняються від вихідного сорту за силою росту дерев та переважають за врожайністю, товарними якостями, лежкістю плодів та економічною ефективністю виробництва останніх.                   Методи. Польовий, лабораторний, порівняння, узагальнення та математичної статистики.Результати. Подано результати вивчення особливостей росту та плодоношення 20 українських спонтанних клонів сорту ‘Jonagold’ в умовах Західного Лісостепу України. Встановлено, що рослини досліджуваних клонів за строками початку і тривалістю основних фенологічних фаз і вегетаційного періоду не відрізнялись від більшості поширених і добре адаптованих до умов Поділля сортів яблуні. Знімальна стиглість плодів у клонів наставала у другій‑третій декадах вересня, з різницею у сім діб. Дерева більшості клонів (ДП‑4, ДП‑5, ДП‑9, ДП‑10, ДП‑13, ДП‑14 і ДП‑17) були середньорослими. Урожайність п’яти-восьмирічних насаджень клонів становить 12,1–32,3 т/га, що забезпечує економічно ефективне культивування в умовах Поділля, рівень рентабельності виробництва становить 66–242%. Усі спонтанні мутанти формують плоди більші за середній розмір (крім ДП‑20, великі), красиві, ошатні, які, залежно від клону, різняться за інтенсивністю та характером покривного забарвлення. Клони ДП‑1, ДП‑3, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 і ДП‑19 відзначались найбільшим виходом яблук вищого та першого ґатунку і за цією властивістю значно перевищили контрольний сорт. Випробовувані клони поділено на три групи за строками достигання плодів: ранньозимові, зимові, пізньозимові.Висновки. Багаторічне оцінювання об’єктів дослідження дозволило встановити, що біологічні властивості рослин українських клонів сорту ‘Jonagold’ відповідають кліматичним умовам Західного Лісостепу України. За силою росту дерев більшість із них належать до групи середньорослих (ДП‑4, ДП‑5, ДП‑9, ДП‑10, ДП‑13, ДП‑14 і ДП‑17) і характеризуються мішаним типом плодоношення. Клони ДП‑1, ДП‑3, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 і ДП‑19 виділяються високим виходом плодів вищого та першого ґатунку. За основними показниками якості плодів кращими визнано клони ДП‑3, ДП‑8, ДП‑13, ДП‑14, ДП‑16, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 і ДП‑20; найвищу економічну ефективність виробництва яблук на Поділлі забезпечують клони ДП‑14, ДП‑17, ДП‑18 і ДП‑19. Останні рекомендовано для реєстрації у Державному реєстрі сортів рослин, як перспективні для впровадження у насадження з виробництва плодів універсального призначення у зоні Західного Лісостепу України. | Purpose. On the basis of a comprehensive study of the characteristics of growth, development, fruiting and quality of the fruits of spontaneous mutants of the apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) of ‘Jonagold’ variety, select clones which differ from the original variety in tree growth strength and are superior in yield, marketability, fruit keeping quality and economic production efficiency of the latter.Methods. Field, laboratory, comparison, generalization and mathematical statistics.Results. The results of studying the growth and fruiting characteristics of 20 Ukrainian spontaneous clones of ‘Jonagold’ variety in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine are presented. It is revealed that plants of the studied clones did not differ in terms of beginning and duration of the main phenological phases and vegetation period from the varieties widely distributed and well adapted to Podillia conditions. The harvesting ripeness of the clone fruits came in the second or third decades of September with a difference of seven days. Trees of most clones (DP-4, DP-5, DP-9, DP-10, DP-13, DP-14 and DP-17) were medium-growing. The yield of five to eight-year-old clone plantations was 12.1–32.3 t/ha, which provided cost-effective cultivation in the conditions of Podillia, the level of production profitability was 66–242%. All spontaneous mutants formed fruits larger than average size (except for DP-20, forming large ones), which are beautiful, elegant and vary in the intensity and character of the skin color depending on the clone. The clones DP-1, DP-3, DP-17, DP-18 and DP-19 were distinguished by a high yield of fruits of the highest and first grade.The clones DP-1, DP-3, DP-17, DP-18 and DP-19 were marked by the highest yield of apples of the higher and the first commodity grade, and this property was significantly superior to the yield of the control variety. The tested clones are divided into three groups according to the fruit ripening dates: early winter, winter, and late winter.Conclusions. A long-term assessment of the objects of study revealed that the biological properties Ukrainian clones of ‘Jonagold’ variety correspond to the climatic conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe ofUkraine. Most of them belong to the medium-growth group (DP-4, DP-5, DP-9, DP-10, DP-13, DP-14 and DP-17) and are characterized by a mixed type of fruiting. Clones DP-1, DP-3, DP-17, DP-18 and DP-19 were distinguished by a high yield of fruits of the highest and first commodity grade. According to the main indicators of fruit quality, clones DP-3, DP-8, DP-13, DP-14, DP-16, DP-17, DP-18 and DP-20 were recognized as the best; the highest economic efficiency of apple production in Podillia was provided by clones DP-14, DP-17, DP-18 and DP-19. The latter ones are recommended for registration in “The State Register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination inUkraine”, as promising clones for introduction into planting for the production of fruits of universal purpose in the zone of the Western Forest-Steppe ofUkraine.

The studying results of drought resistance for 15 varieties and 6 forms of apricot in the condition of South of the Ukraine have been given. The plants with different level of drought resistance have been selected from apricot varieties and forms introduced on the South Coast of the Crimea. From the studied varieties the most drought resistance ones are: Vardaguin Vagdaas, Luchak Sumbarskiy, Sulina, LE-132. Two best apricot varieties have been recommended for use in selection on this character

The studying results of drought resistance for 15 varieties and 6 forms of apricot in the condition of South of the Ukraine have been given. The plants with different level of drought resistance have been selected from apricot varieties and forms introduced on the South Coast of the Crimea. From the studied varieties the most drought resistance ones are: Vardaguin Vagdaas, Luchak Sumbarskiy, Sulina, LE-132. Two best apricot varieties have been recommended for use in selection on this character

The agrobiological characteristics of immune to scab apple varieties developed in VNIISPK are given. The prospects of scab immunity and triploidy unification in one genotype are emphasized. The characteristics of the first immune to scab triploid apple varieties are given.

The agrobiological characteristics of immune to scab apple varieties developed in VNIISPK are given. The prospects of scab immunity and triploidy unification in one genotype are emphasized. The characteristics of the first immune to scab triploid apple varieties are given.

Indicators of the morphological signs of type of sort on white cabbage plants Dutch flat, Belarus, Amager, Langendijker winter and their variability are the presented. It is established low and average factor of a variation at the majority of the morphological signs. Strong high-quality and ecological variability of signs “height external rake” and “its size leafy parts” at type of sort Dutch flat is defined.

Indicators of the morphological signs of type of sort on white cabbage plants Dutch flat, Belarus, Amager, Langendijker winter and their variability are the presented. It is established low and average factor of a variation at the majority of the morphological signs. Strong high-quality and ecological variability of signs “height external rake” and “its size leafy parts” at type of sort Dutch flat is defined.

The study results for many years (1972- 2006) of pear gene pool in the All- Russian Research Institute of Horticultural Breeding are given. The cultivars and selections have been singled out for wide dissemination and use in breeding.

The study results for many years (1972- 2006) of pear gene pool in the All- Russian Research Institute of Horticultural Breeding are given. The cultivars and selections have been singled out for wide dissemination and use in breeding.

Advantages of heterotic hybrids of the winter rape in the competitive and in the production testing proven. While certain advantages in the productivity of cultivar of the Czech selection of Odila above the domestic cultivar of Dangal got in the competitive testing in the production testing confirmed. It is established that the greatest productivity in the production testing was had hybrids Vsesvit F1t Zapalnyj Fb G-3 Fi and G-4 Fi, which are characterized the stable and yearly high productivity and combine the productivity with adaptability to the environmental conditions of area of Forest- steppe of Ukraine.

Advantages of heterotic hybrids of the winter rape in the competitive and in the production testing proven. While certain advantages in the productivity of cultivar of the Czech selection of Odila above the domestic cultivar of Dangal got in the competitive testing in the production testing confirmed. It is established that the greatest productivity in the production testing was had hybrids Vsesvit F1t Zapalnyj Fb G-3 Fi and G-4 Fi, which are characterized the stable and yearly high productivity and combine the productivity with adaptability to the environmental conditions of area of Forest- steppe of Ukraine.

On the base of examinational institutions activity results summarizing by the Experts Council of State Variety Service, decision to recommend varieties for state registration of the proprietary right of intellectual property for dissemination, state registration of the proprietary rights of intellectual property, to approve the List of Perspective for Dissemination in Ukraine in 2008 Varieties, to decline state registration of the proprietary right of intellectual property, has been approved.

On the base of examinational institutions activity results summarizing by the Experts Council of State Variety Service, decision to recommend varieties for state registration of the proprietary right of intellectual property for dissemination, state registration of the proprietary rights of intellectual property, to approve the List of Perspective for Dissemination in Ukraine in 2008 Varieties, to decline state registration of the proprietary right of intellectual property, has been approved.