The magnetic derivative of Activated Carbon (AC) is a promising new technique to isolate and recover consumed adsorbent. In this light, the current research seeks to summarise the magnetisation rout of AC and its applications, while identifying both benefits and drawbacks of different synthetic routs. Several methods, such as chemical co-precipitation, hydrothermal, impregnation, ball milling, and one-step synthetic routs, have been studied by previous researchers. Among these methods, chemical co-precipitation is simple, extensively adapted for Magnetic Activated Carbon (MAC) syntheses. In general, the magnetic derivatives of AC show a reduction in the surface area and pore volume, due to introduction of magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetisation enhances contaminants' adsorption, despite the reduction in surface area. It allows elimination of contaminants, barely treated by pristine AC due to the introduction of magnetic materials. Developments in synthetic procedures could overcome the destructive influence of acidity on MAC, providing a shield against it. MAC has been used in several applications, including organic and inorganic contaminant removal. Medically, MAC is used to lead drugs to a specific organ and, thus, reduce damages to non-affected organs. It can be said that the preparation method did not obstruct MAC application for specific contaminant adsorption. MAC regeneration has been reported for several sorption cycles, making the process sustainable and cost-effective. Future work could further develop the synthetic route and enhance the characteristics of the produced composite. It also may consider the influence of iron on the treated water, depending on its proposed usage.

The present research investigates the ability of graphene oxide nanosheets for treatment of dairy wastewater, using In Situ Sludge Magnetic Impregnation” (ISSMI) to separate sludge after adsorption process. To increase the interaction between magnetic nanoparticles and graphene oxide, the former has been functionalized, using 3-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane, with the synthesized graphene oxide and magnetic nanoparticles being characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and NCHS analysis. The experiments have been conducted on the effluent of Pegah factory. The batch adsorption experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH on the removal of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, COD, and turbidity. At adsorbent dose of 320 mg L-1, the removal efficiencies of 90, 80, 84, and 94% have been observed for TN, TP, COD, and turbidity, respectively. The adsorbent data has been modeled by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, giving results that are compatible with Freundlich isotherm. TN, TP, and COD are mostly particulate materials in dairy wastewaters; therefore, when nanosheets aggregate, particulate materials are trapped between GO nanosheets; as a result, pollutants are distributed heterogeneously on the adsorbent's surface. Consequently, adsorption does not occur as monolayer on the surface of GO; for this reason, adsorption follows Freundlich model. Maximum absorption capacity of the adsorbent turns out to be 730 mg g-1 for total nitrogen, 600 mg g-1 for total phosphorus, 26000 mg g-1 for COD, and 5500 mg g-1 for turbidity. Adsorption kinetic has been studied with the first and second order equation, giving results that are compatible with second order equation.