The present research article highlights the metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe)distribution pattern in the RSPM generated in different hot spot sites located at Kochi, theQueen of Arabian Sea. These sampling sites are categorized under three different zonesas estuarine, riverine, and coastal. Two sampling phases are selected in order to check theconsistency in pollution trend after a two year gap and are described in Phase I and PhaseII, respectively. Metals are noticed to be intensely concentrated in the post monsoonmonths in both phases. Among the metals, Fe is revealed as the prominent metal at theestuarine sites. Estuarine and riverine zone expresses the overall enrichment pattern withslight difference at coastal regime in phase I. In phase II, insignificant metal load withirregular pattern is observed. Source apportionment study reveals that major sources ofmetals are from automobile exhausts and the estuarine zone is entangled with 45.9%.

The work evaluates the urban snow cover pollution and determines the level of the city influence on the pollution of the urban atmosphere with major ions (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) during the winter period (on the case study of Barnaul city, 2014-2019). The priority ions that determine the high pollution of the urban atmosphere in winter are (nitrite, chloride, sodium), the sources of which are the exhaust of motor vehicles (nitrite) and the using of anti-ice reagents (chloride, sodium). The study showed an increase of the major ions in the urban snow cover (with the exception of nitrate ion) by more than two times compared with the regional and more than six times with the global natural background. To study the spatial features of the snow cover pollution interpolation surfaces of the spatial distribution of priority ions in the study area were constructed.

The pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit peel exposed to mixture air pollutants were collected from two sites with different air quality around the industrial area of Gabes city, Tunisia. The first site presented the ‘Polluted site’, which is situated in the oasis close to the industrial area. While, the second site referred to the ‘Control site’ located at 37 km from the industrial area. Using HPLC ES-MS, 21 phenols were identified and quantified in methanol extract from pomegranate fruit peel. The results showed that various phytochemical substances, including phenols acids and flavonoids, were identified and quantified in the peel extract. The polyphenols content and the flavonoids contents in peel obtained from polluted site were higher than that collected from the control site. The concentrations of the identified polyphenols were ranged between 0.39 and 7803.68 mg/ kg DW. The stimulation of some free phenolic compounds such syringic acid, transfrulic acid, epicatechin, rutin and quercetin was enregistred only in peel collected from contaminated environment. The quali-qualitative changes between sites are probably related to the difference in the air quality. The increase of polyphenols could be implicated during adaptive mechanisms under air pollution. Phenolic composition changes in Punica granatum peel could be also suggested as useful approach air pollution monitoring.

International audience | Wintertime anticyclonic conditions, associated with clear sky and cold nights, trigger the formation of persistent layers of stable air over the ground. In an urban area, these persistent layers lead to poor air quality, especially when the terrain is mountainous. This is particularly the case in the Arve River Valley near the city of Passy, located 20 km downstream of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, where air quality stands among the poorest ones in France.Beyond the monitoring of air quality, as performed by the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes air quality agency or within the scientific project DECOMBIO led by the Institute for Geosciences and the Environment (IGE), knowledge of the atmospheric dynamics at the valley scale should be gained to understand how pollutants are dispersed. This is the motivation of the Passy project, which started in 2014. It relies on the Passy-2015 field experiment, whereof presentation, along with the discussion of a few results, is the purpose of the present paper. The objective of this field experiment is to document the atmospheric dynamics in the Arve River Valley during wintertime pollution episodes.The work conducted during the Passy project and the analysis of the Passy-2015 field experiment will benefit from a several-year long collaboration among the different partners. The knowledge thus gained will contribute to refine weather forecast and air quality prediction in the Arve River Valley and, more generally, in mountain urban areas under stable conditions. From an operational perspective, our goal is to improve our ability to forecast critical events such as low temperatures, ice and fog formation, pollution events or locations subject to high pollutant concentration. | Les conditions anticycloniques hivernales (ciel clair, nuits froides) conduisent à la formation de couches stables persistantes qui favorisent les épisodes de pollution, particulièrement en terrain montagneux. La vallée de l’Arve est très sensible à ce phénomène, en particulier près de la ville de Passy (Haute-Savoie), située à 20 kilomètres en aval de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, où la qualité de l’air est l’une des moins bonnes de France.Au-delà du suivi de la qualité de l’air, tel que réalisé par Atmo Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ou par le projet DECOMBIO piloté par l’Institut des Géosciences et de l’Environnement (IGE), il est primordial d’améliorer la connaissance de la dynamique atmosphérique à l’échelle de la vallée en conditions stables pour mieux comprendre comment, couplée au cycle et à la géographie des émissions, elle pilote la dispersion des polluants. C’est la motivation du projet Passy, initié en 2014. Ce projet s’appuie sur les observations de la campagne Passy-2015, présentées dans cet article avec quelques premiers résultats. L’objectif général de cette campagne est de documenter la dynamique atmosphérique au sein de la vallée de l’Arve lors des épisodes de pollution hivernale.Les travaux menés dans le cadre du projet et de l’analyse des données de la campagne s’inscrivent au sein d’une collaboration sur plusieurs années entre les différents partenaires. Ils contribueront à affiner la prévision du temps et de la qualité de l’air dans ce type de vallée, et plus généralement en conditions stables. Il s’agit en particulier d’améliorer la capacité à prévoir des phénomènes critiques, comme les températures minimales, le verglas, le brouillard, les évènements de pollution ou encore les zones de pollution intense.

Les territoires périurbains, zones de transition entre les zones urbaines et rurales, sont soumis à de nombreuses pollutions à la fois gazeuses et particulaires. Ces pollutions proviennent de sources locales comme les activités résidentielles, le trafic routier et les activités agricoles, mais également de sources régionales issues des activités urbaines et des émissions des zones (pseudo-)naturelles adjacentes. Cet article présente une synthèse des différentes sources de pollution affectant la qualité de l’air en milieu périurbain. Il est évident que les pollutions purement anthropiques ne peuvent être dissociées de celles issues du fonctionnement des écosystèmes (pseudo-)naturels dans ces espaces. Enfin, les enjeux vis-à-vis de l’agriculture périurbaine, fortement présente et en développement du fait d’une volonté de consommer des productions locales, sont discutés. | Periurban areas, zone of transition between urban and rural areas, are submitted to several sources of pollution, both gaseous and particulate. These pollutions originate from local sources such as residential sector, traffic road and agricultural activities, but also from regional ones from adjacent urban and (pseudo-)natural areas. This paper presents a synthesis of the different sources affecting air quality in periurban areas. It is clear that pollutions from anthropogenic activities cannot be fully dissociated to those from (pseudo-)natural ecosystem functioning in these areas. Finally, the atmospheric pollution issues are discussed in emphasis with periurban agriculture, already present and under development in these areas due to the development of short food supply chains and local food consumptions.

Les niveaux de concentration des pesticides dans l’atmosphère méritent une attention particulière de la part de la recherche compte tenu de leurs impacts potentiels sur la population et les écosystèmes. L’activité agricole constitue la principale source de contamination de l’atmosphère par les pesticides. Bien que la volatilisation depuis la plante soit reconnue plus intense et plus rapide que la volatilisation depuis le sol, cette voie de transfert est à ce jour la moins bien renseignée avec peu de modèles disponibles pour sa description. Le manque de connaissances est lié essentiellement à la complexité des interactions entre les processus ayant lieu à la surface de la feuille et qui sont en compétition avec la volatilisation, notamment la pénétration foliaire et la photodégradation. Cet article présente une synthèse bibliographique sur l’état des lieux des connaissances sur le processus de volatilisation des pesticides depuis un couvert végétal, de la pénétration foliaire et de la photodégradation, ainsi que les facteurs de contrôle de ces processus. Les méthodes de mesure ainsi que les modèles existants décrivant ces processus sont également présentés et analysés | The agricultural activity presents the main source of the atmospheric contamination by pesticides. The occurrence of pesticides in the atmosphere concerns the research community due to their potential impacts on population and ecosystems. The volatilization from plants is higher and faster than the volatilization from soil. However, this transfer pathway is difficult to assess with few available models. The lack of knowledge on pesticide volatilization from plants is essentially linked to the complex interactions between processes occurring at the leaf surface and competing with volatilization, such as leaf penetration and photodegradation. This article presents a bibliographic synthesis of the state of knowledge on pesticide volatilization from plants, leaf penetration, photodegradation and control factors of these processes. Measuring methods and existing models describing these processes are also presented and analyzed

The agricultural activity presents the main source of the atmospheric contamination by pesticides. The occurrence of pesticides in the atmosphere concerns the research community due to their potential impacts on population and ecosystems. The volatilization from plants is higher and faster than the volatilization from soil. However, this transfer pathway is difficult to assess with few available models. The lack of knowledge on pesticide volatilization from plants is essentially linked to the complex interactions between processes occurring at the leaf surface and competing with volatilization, such as leaf penetration and photodegradation. This article presents a bibliographic synthesis of the state of knowledge on pesticide volatilization from plants, leaf penetration, photodegradation and control factors of these processes. Measuring methods and existing models describing these processes are also presented and analyzed | Les niveaux de concentration des pesticides dans l’atmosphère méritent une attention particulière de la part de la recherche compte tenu de leurs impacts potentiels sur la population et les écosystèmes. L’activité agricole constitue la principale source de contamination de l’atmosphère par les pesticides. Bien que la volatilisation depuis la plante soit reconnue plus intense et plus rapide que la volatilisation depuis le sol, cette voie de transfert est à ce jour la moins bien renseignée avec peu de modèles disponibles pour sa description. Le manque de connaissances est lié essentiellement à la complexité des interactions entre les processus ayant lieu à la surface de la feuille et qui sont en compétition avec la volatilisation, notamment la pénétration foliaire et la photodégradation. Cet article présente une synthèse bibliographique sur l’état des lieux des connaissances sur le processus de volatilisation des pesticides depuis un couvert végétal, de la pénétration foliaire et de la photodégradation, ainsi que les facteurs de contrôle de ces processus. Les méthodes de mesure ainsi que les modèles existants décrivant ces processus sont également présentés et analysés

International audience | Periurban areas, zone of transition between urban and rural areas, are submitted to several sources of pollution, both gaseous and particulate. These pollutions originate from local sources such as residential sector, traffic road and agricultural activities, but also from regional ones from adjacent urban and (pseudo-)natural areas. This paper presents a synthesis of the different sources affecting air quality in periurban areas. It is clear that pollutions from anthropogenic activities cannot be fully dissociated to those from (pseudo-)natural ecosystem functioning in these areas. Finally, the atmospheric pollution issues are discussed in emphasis with periurban agriculture, already present and under development in these areas due to the development of short food supply chains and local food consumptions. | Les territoires périurbains, zones de transition entre les zones urbaines et rurales, sont soumis à de nombreuses pollutions à la fois gazeuses et particulaires. Ces pollutions proviennent de sources locales comme les activités résidentielles, le trafic routier et les activités agricoles, mais également de sources régionales issues des activités urbaines et des émissions des zones (pseudo-)naturelles adjacentes. Cet article présente une synthèse des différentes sources de pollution affectant la qualité de l’air en milieu périurbain. Il est évident que les pollutions purement anthropiques ne peuvent être dissociées de celles issues du fonctionnement des écosystèmes (pseudo-)naturels dans ces espaces. Enfin, les enjeux vis-à-vis de l’agriculture périurbaine, fortement présente et en développement du fait d’une volonté de consommer des productions locales, sont discutés.

International audience | To create more resilient cities, it is important that we understand the effects of the global change drivers in cities. Biodiversity-based ecological indicators (EIs) can be used for this, as biodiversity is the basis of ecosystem structure, composition, and function. In previous studies, lichens have been used as EIs to monitor the effects of global change drivers in an urban context, but only in single-city studies. Thus, we currently do not understand how lichens are affected by drivers that work on a broader scale. Therefore, our aim was to quantify the variance in lichen biodiversity-based metrics (taxonomic and trait-based) that can be explained by environmental drivers working on a broad spatial scale, in an urban context where local drivers are superimposed. To this end, we performed an unprecedented effort to sample epiphytic lichens in 219 green spaces across a continental gradient from Portugal to Estonia. Twenty-six broad-scale drivers were retrieved, including air pollution and bio-climatic variables, and their dimensionality reduced by means of a principal component analysis (PCA). Thirty-eight lichen metrics were then modelled against the scores of the first two axes of each PCA, and their variance partitioned into pollution and climate components. For the first time, we determined that 15% of the metric variance was explained by broad-scale drivers, with broad-scale air pollution showing more importance than climate across the majority of metrics. Taxonomic metrics were better explained by air pollution, as expected, while climate did not surpass air pollution in any of the trait-based metric groups. Consequently, 85% of the metric variance was shown to occur at the local scale. This suggests that further work is necessary to decipher the effects of climate change. Furthermore, although drivers working within cities are prevailing, both spatial scales must be considered simultaneously if we are to use lichens as EIs in cities at continental to global scales.

Anthropogenic Pb emitted from East Asia, particularly China, is often long-range transported to the east by the prevailing westerlies. To characterize the geographical properties of varying atmospheric Pb concentrations by transboundary and domestic source(s)-related Pb in Korea, closely adjacent to China, the Al and Pb concentrations and the stable Pb isotopic composition were determined in the total suspended particles (TSP) collected at urban (IC), rural (TA), and remote background (JJ) sites in western Korea from August 2015 to October 2016. The annual average Pb concentrations were significantly higher in urban and rural areas (IC, 16.2 ng m⁻³ and TA, 11.1 ng m⁻³) than in remote area (JJ, 6.41 ng m⁻³), showing pronounced seasonal variations with relatively higher concentrations in winter and spring and lower concentrations in summer and autumn. Significantly high enrichment factors (EF) for Pb indicate that anthropogenic contributions are important for this toxic element in TSP. Coupling the Pb isotopic signatures with the air mass back trajectories identified the major potential source regions for individual samples. The results show that during winter, China was the dominant contributor, accounting for 92%, 82%, and 100% of the sampling periods at IC, TA, and JJ, respectively. The Chinese contribution decreased in summer and autumn, whereas the Korean contribution increased, according to the East Asian monsoon system. The Pb concentrations increased by 2.2 (IC), 1.2 (TA) and 1.4 (JJ) times when the Chinese contribution was dominant, compared to the Korea-dominant periods. The Pb isotopic systematics for the samples characterized by the dominant Korean contribution differed substantially between the three sites, implying that the relative importance of various domestic sources varied with geographical areas in western Korea.