The response of climate to perturbations in GHGs is location dependent. Six experiments: control (CTRL); double CH4; double CO2; double N2O; halved CFC11 and halved CFC12 were carried out to reveal the local area response to different GHGs levels in the atmosphere over West Africa. Double CH4, CO2 and N2O generally induce wetness but they also induce localized dryness at the hilly and mountainous areas of SW Ghana, Central Nigeria, Northern Cameroon and South-eastern Central African Republic. Increase in ground temperature is induced by double GHGs with intensified warming at the north by double CO2. However, patches of cooling are induced at the north. Changes in specific humidity induced by double CO2, CH4 and N2O are similar. Intensified tropical easterly jet is induced by double GHGs. A dipole anomaly of wind with positive at the lower latitude and negative at higher latitude is induced at the northern part of West Africa. Significant reduction in cloud water content is induced from 900 to 400 hPa and 0 and 15oN.

Ocean acidification (OA) is expected to rise towards the end of the 21st century altering the life history traits in marine organisms. Upwelling systems will not escape OA, but unlike other areas of the ocean, cooling effects are expected to intensify in these systems. Regardless, studies evaluating the combined effects of OA and cooling remain scarce. We addressed this gap using a mesocosm system, where we exposed juveniles of the intertidal muricid snail Acanthina monodon to current and projected pCO₂ (500 vs. 1500 ppm) and temperature (15 vs. 10 °C) from the southeast Pacific upwelling system. After 9 weeks of experimental exposure to those conditions, we conducted three estimations of growth (wet weight, shell length and shell peristomal length), in addition to measuring calcification, metabolic and feeding rates and the ability of these organisms to return to the normal upright position after being overturned (self-righting). Growth, feeding and calcification rates increased in projected cooling conditions (10 °C) but were unaffected by pCO₂ or the interaction between pCO₂ and temperature. Instead, metabolic rates were driven by pCO₂, but a significant interaction with temperature suggests that in cooler conditions, metabolic rates will increase when associated with high pCO₂ levels. Snail self-righting times were not affected across treatments. These results suggest that colder temperatures projected for this area would drive this species growth, feeding and calcification, and consequently, some of its population biology and productivity. However, the snails may need to compensate for the increase in metabolic rates under the effects of ocean acidification. Although A. monodon ability to adjust to individual or combined stressors will likely account for some of the changes described here, our results point to a complex dynamic to take place in intertidal habitats associated with upwelling systems.

Pyrogenic char (biochar) with a high sorption capacity (B-HSC) can sequester hazardous chemicals (e.g., phenanthrene). However, when sorption inhibits bioavailability of some functional chemicals (e.g., the herbicidal efficacy of diuron in soil), biochar with a low sorption capacity (B-LSC) is required to prevent sorption effects. The pyrolytic B-HSC generation has been reported, but information on B-LSC formation is scarce. How fast B-HSC and B-LSC could be generated is unknown until now. Here, biochars were rapidly prepared (the shortest heating time reached 5 min and the cooling time reached < 30 min) by a direct-pyrolysis method by directly exposing packaged rice straw and pine wood to 350 °C, 500 °C and 700 °C and out-of-furnace cooling at room temperature. The sorption of diuron, phenanthrene, and twelve other chemicals was investigated. B–HSCs were obtained within 30 min of rice straw pyrolysis, and the biochar Kd values quickly increased to 7-730-fold that of the raw biomass as –OH and C–O–C in (hemi)cellulose of rice straw rapidly degraded, increasing hydrophobic interactions between the char and chemicals (solubility ≤ 82.8 g/L). In contrast, B-LSCs were generated within 30 min of PW pyrolysis, and the Kd values of the biochars were 0.2–3.0-fold that of the raw biomass, as the surface area development and hydrophobicity-driven sorption were probably delayed by the late degradation of lignin aromatic C–O and phenolic –OH. Biochar amendment revealed an enhancement effect of B-HSC but not of B-LSC on soil sorption. The fast formation of B-LSC and B-HSC provides a guide to develop time- and cost-effective technique in pyrolytically producing weakly or strongly sorbing biochars for organic chemical management.

Cooling tower emissions have become an increasingly common hazard to the environment (air polluting, ice formation and salts deposition) and to the health (Legionella disease) in the last decades. Several environmental policies have emerged in recent years limiting cooling tower emissions but they have not prevented an increasing intensity of outbreaks.Since the level of emissions depends mainly on cooling tower component design and the operating conditions, this paper deals with an experimental investigation of the amount of emissions, drift and PM10, emitted by a cooling tower with different configurations (drift eliminators and distribution systems) and working under several operating conditions. This objective is met by the measurement of cooling tower source emission parameters by means of the sensitive paper technique. Secondary objectives were to contextualize the observed emission rates according to international regulations.Our measurements showed that the drift rates included in the relevant international standards are significantly higher than the obtained results (an average of 100 times higher) and hence, the environmental problems may occur. Therefore, a revision of the standards is recommended with the aim of reducing the environmental and human health impact. By changing the operating conditions and the distribution system, emissions can be reduced by 52.03% and 82% on average. In the case of drift eliminators, the difference ranges from 18.18% to 98.43% on average. As the emissions level is clearly influenced by operating conditions and components, regulation tests should be referred to default conditions. Finally, guidelines to perform emission tests and a selection criterion of components and conditions for the tested cooling tower are proposed.

Green areas cool the climate of a city, reduce the energy consumption caused by the urban heat island (UHI) effect, and bring along carbon savings. However, the calculation of carbon savings due to the cooling effect of green areas is still not well understood. We have used a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of Beijing, to identify the cooled areas, compute the possible energy used to maintain the temperature differences between cooled areas and their surrounding heated areas, and calculate the carbon savings owing to the avoidance of energy use. Results show that a total amount of 14315.37 tons carbon savings was achieved in the study area and the amount was related to the biomass, the size and the shape of green areas. These results demonstrate the importance of carbon savings resulting from green areas' cooling effect.

Atmospheric aerosols have been found to influence the development of planetary boundary layer (PBL) and hence to aggravate haze pollution in megacities. PBL height (PBLH) determines the vertical extent to which the most pollutant effectively disperses and is a key argument in pollution study. In this study, we quantitatively evaluate aerosol radiation effect on PBL, as well as assessment of surface cooling effect and atmosphere heating effect. All the data are measured at a site of Beijing from 2014 to 2017, of which PBLH is retrieved from micro pulse lidar and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from sunphotometer. Case study shows qualitatively that relative high aerosol load reduces PBLH, and in turn causes a high surface PM₂.₅ concentration. We preliminarily reveal the influential mechanism of aerosol on PBL. The influence of aerosol on the radiation flux of PBL is analyzed, with the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.938 between AOD and radiative forcing of BOA (RFBOA) and R = 0.43 between RFBOA and PBLH. Also, AOD is found to negatively correlate with PBLH (R = −0.41). With the increase of AOD, the cooling effect of surface is enhanced, and further impede the development of PBL. Due to aerosol-induced reduction of PBLH, near surface PM₂.₅ concentration surges and presents an exponential growth following AOD. Then, it is speculated and testified that the relationship between SSA (single scatting albedo) and PBLH would be determined by the location of absorbing aerosol within PBL. The upper PBL absorbing aerosol may decrease PBLH, while the lower absorbing aerosol appear to enhance PBLH. The study probably can provide effective observational evidence for understanding the effect of aerosol on PBL and be a reference of air pollution mitigation in Beijing and its surrounding areas.

The present study utilizes 18 years of long-term (2001–2018) data collected from six active AERONET sites over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the North China Plain (NCP) areas in Southeast Asia. The annual mean (±SD) aerosol optical thickness at 440 nm (AOT₄₄₀) was found high at XiangHe (0.92 ± 0.69) and Taihu (0.90 ± 0.51) followed by Beijing (0.81 ± 0.69), Lahore (0.81 ± 0.43), and Kanpur (0.73 ± 0.35) and low at Karachi (0.52 ± 0.23). Seasonally, high AOT₄₄₀ with corresponding high Ångström exponent (ANG₄₄₀₋₈₇₀) noticed during JJA for all sites, except Kanpur, suggesting the dominance of fine-mode particles, generally associated with large anthropogenic emissions. Climatologically, an increasing (decreasing) trend was observed over IGP (NCP) sites, with the highest (lowest) percentage of departures in AOT₄₄₀ found over Beijing (Karachi). We further identified major aerosol types which showed the dominance of biomass burning, urban-industrial followed by the mixed type of aerosols. In addition, single scattering albedo (SSA), asymmetry parameter (ASP), volume size distribution (VSD), and complex aerosol refractive index (RI) showed significant temporal and spectral changes, illustrating the complexity of aerosol types. At last, the annual mean direct aerosol radiative forcing at the top, bottom, and within the atmosphere for all sites were found in the range from −17.36 ± 3.75 to −45.17 ± 4.87 W m⁻², -64.6 ± 4.86 to −93.7 ± 10.27 W m⁻², and 40.5 ± 6.43 to 68.25 ± 7.26 W m⁻², respectively, with an averaged atmospheric heating rate of 0.9–2.3 K day⁻¹. A large amount of anthropogenic aerosols showed a significant effect of heating (cooling) on the atmosphere (surface) results obviously, due to an increased rate of atmospheric heating. Therefore, the thermodynamic effects of anthropogenic aerosols on the atmospheric circulation and its structure should be taken into consideration for future study over the experimental sites.

The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, damaged reactor cooling systems at Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant. The subsequent venting operation and hydrogen explosion resulted in a large radioactive nuclide emission from reactor containers into the environment. Here, we collected environmental samples such as soil, plant species, and water on April 10, 2011, in front of the power plant main gate as well as 35 km away in Iitate village, and observed gamma-rays with a Ge(Li) semiconductor detector. We observed activation products (²³⁹Np and ⁵⁹Fe) and fission products (¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs (¹³³Cs), ¹³⁷Cs, ¹¹⁰ᵐAg (¹⁰⁹Ag), ¹³²Te, ¹³²I, ¹⁴⁰Ba, ¹⁴⁰La, ⁹¹Sr, ⁹¹Y, ⁹⁵Zr, and ⁹⁵Nb). ²³⁹Np is the parent nuclide of ²³⁹Pu; ⁵⁹Fe are presumably activation products of ⁵⁸Fe obtained by corrosion of cooling pipes. The results show that these activation and fission products, diffused within a month of the accident.

This paper aims to identify the atmospheric boundary layer turbulence structure and its effect on severe foggy haze events frequently occurring in Northern China. We use data collected from a ground eddy covariance system, meteorology tower, and a PM₂.₅ collector in Baoding, China during December 2016. The data shows that 73.5% of PM₂.₅ concentration is greater than 100 μg m⁻³ with a maximum of 522 μg m⁻³. Analyses on vertical turbulence spectrum also reveal that 1) during the pollution period, lower wind can suppress large-scale turbulence eddies, which are more likely inhomogeneous, breaking into small-scale eddies, and 2) the air pollutant scattering effect for radiation could decrease the air temperature near the ground and generate weak vertical turbulence during the daytime. At night, air pollutants suppress the land surface cooling and decrease the air temperature difference as well as the vertical turbulence intensity difference. The vertical turbulence impact analysis reveals that the percentage of large-scale turbulence eddies can also change the atmospheric vertical mixing capacity. During the daytime, the air pollution evolution is controlled by the wind speed and vertical turbulence intensity. While at night, the vertical turbulence is weak and the atmospheric vertical mixing capacity is mainly controlled by the large-scale eddies’ percentage. The increased number of large-scale turbulence eddies led by low wind at night could increase the vertical mixing of air pollutants and decrease its concentration near the ground.