We collected O- and A-horizon soil samples in 26 Chinese mountainous forests to investigate the content, spatial pattern, and potential sources of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Spatial patterns were influenced mainly by the approximation to sources and soil organic contents. High concentrations often occurred close to populated or industrialized areas. Combustion-related activities contributed to PCN pollution. Relatively high proportions of CN-73 in northern China may be attributed to coke consumption, while CN-51 could be an indicator of biomass burning in Southwest China. There are evidences that PCNs may largely derived from unintentional production. If uncontrolled, UP-PCN (unintentionally produced PCNs) emissions could increase with industrial development. The abnormally high concentrations at Gongga and Changbai Mountains appear to be associated with the high efficient of forest filter of atmospheric contaminants at these densely forested sites. We question whether this is caused by ecotones between forests, and raise additional questions for future analyses.

A pesticide runoff event was simulated on two 10 m x 50 m constructed wetlands (one non-vegetated, one vegetated) to evaluate the fate of methyl parathion (MeP) (Penncap-M). Water, sediment, and plant samples were collected at five sites downstream of the inflow for 120 d. Semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed at each wetland outflow to determine exiting pesticide load. MeP was detected in water at all locations of the non-vegetated wetland (50 m), 30 min post-exposure. MeP was detected 20 m from the vegetated wetland inflow 30 min post-exposure, while after 10d it was detected only at 10 m. MeP was measured only in SPMDs deployed in non-vegetated wetland cells, suggesting detectable levels were not present near the vegetated wetland outflow. Furthermore, mass balance calculations indicated vegetated wetlands were more effective in reducing aqueous loadings of MeP introduced into the wetland systems. This demonstrates the importance of vegetation as sorption sites for pesticides in constructed wetlands.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element in the ecosystem and the cause of the eutrophication of rivers and lakes. The river-lake ecotone is the ecological buffer zone between rivers and lakes, which can transfer energy and material between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Vegetation restoration of degraded river-lake ecotone can improve the interception capacity of P pollution. However, the effects of different vegetation restoration types on sediment P cycling and its mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, we seasonally measured the P fractions and physicochemical properties of sediments from different restored vegetation (three native species and one invasive species). The results found that vegetation restoration significantly increased the sediment total P and bioavailable P content, which increased the sediment tolerance to P pollution in river-lake ecotone. In addition, the total P content in sediments was highest in summer and autumn, but lower in spring and winter. The total P and bioavailable P contents in surface sediments were the highest. They decreased with increasing depth, suggesting that sediment P assimilation by vegetation restoration and the resulting litter leads to redistribution of P in different seasons and sediment depths. Microbial biomass-P (MBP), total nitrogen (TN), and sediment organic matter (SOM) are the main factors affecting the change of sediment phosphorus fractions. All four plants’ maximum biomass and P storage appeared in the autumn. Although the biomass and P storage of the invasive species Alternanthera philoxeroides were lower, the higher bioavailable P content and MBP values of the surface sediments indicated the utilization efficiency of sediment resources. These results suggest that vegetation restoration affects the distribution and circulation of P in river and lake ecosystems, which further enhances the ecological function of the river-lake ecotone and prevents the eutrophication and erosion of water and sediment in the river-lake ecotone.

Coastal lagoons are ecotones between continents and the sea. Coastal lagoons of Western Greece, subjected to different human pressures, were classified into four different types based on their hydromorphological characteristics and monitored over a three year period for their biotic and abiotic features. Six ecological indices based on water quality parameters (TSI-Chl-a, TSI-TP, TRIX), benthic macrophytes (E-MaQI, EEI-c) and an integrated index TWQI, were applied to assess the ecological status of studied lagoons under real conditions. The trophic status ranged from oligotrophic to hypertrophic according to the index applied. The ecological quality of transitional water ecosystems can be better assessed by using indices based on benthic macrophytes as changes in abundance and diversity of sensitive and tolerant species are the first evidence of incoming eutrophication. The multi-parametric index TWQI can be considered appropriate for the ecological assessment of these ecosystems due to its robustness and the simple application procedure.

As human interference with the natural environment accelerates, land use has undergone great changes. However, to realize rational land development in the rural-urban ecotone, the micro-spatial (MS) unit is the best scale for the management and planning of sustainable land use. Taking Wuhan metropolitan area as research area, the integrated logistic-multi-criteria evaluation (MCE)-cellular automata (CA)-Markov model was used to simulate land use pattern for 2025. In addition, the 1 km×1 km, 2 km×2 km, 3 km×3 km, and 4 km×4 km and typical sample belt were built to reveal the spatial microcosmic expression of land use structure. The results showed that the kappa coefficient and figure of merit (FoM) were 88.01% and 26.86%, respectively, indicating the integration model has high prediction accuracy. In 2005–2025, the diversification of land use in the Wuhan metropolitan area will be generally above the medium level, and the types of land combinations will be relatively abundant. As human activities increase, the land use degree will show increases continuously, it will expand outward from Wuhan, and there is a positive correlation between cultivated land-rural residential land and urban land-cultivated land. The spatial distribution of land use structure presents regional scale characteristics, and different regions have micro-spatial scale dependence. The selection of MS scales based on local conditions can be a good way to reflect land use internal structure and provide a better reference for the compilation of regional land use optimization.

Climate warming changes the plant community composition and biodiversity. Dominate species or plant functional types (PFTs) loss may influence alpine ecosystem processes, but much uncertainty remains. This study tested whether loss of specific PFTs and vegetation variation would impact the metallic element release of mixed litter in an alpine treeline ecotone. Six representative PFTs in the alpine ecosystem on the eastern Tibetan Plateau were selected. Litterbags were used to determine the release of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, zinc, copper, iron, and aluminum from litter loss of specific PFTs after 669 days of decomposition in coniferous forest (CF) and alpine shrubland (AS). The results showed that potassium, sodium, magnesium, and copper were net released, while aluminum, iron, and manganese were accumulated after 669 days. Functional type mixtures promoted the release of potassium, sodium, aluminum, and zinc (synergistic effect), while inhibiting the release of calcium, magnesium, and iron (antagonistic effect). Further, loss of specific plant functional type significantly affected the aluminum and iron release rates and the relatively mixed effects of the potassium, aluminum, and iron release rates. The synergistic effects on potassium, sodium, and aluminum in AS were greater than those in CF, while the antagonistic effect of manganese release in AS was lower than that in CF. Therefore, increased altitude may further promote the synergistic effect of potassium, sodium, and aluminum release and alleviate the antagonistic effect of manganese in mixed litter. Finally, the initial stoichiometric ratios regulate the mixed effects of elemental release rates, with the nitrogen-related stoichiometric ratios playing the most important role. The regulation of elements release by stoichiometric ratios requires more in-depth and systematic studies, which will help us to understand the influence mechanism of decomposition more comprehensively.

The presence of ecotones in transition zones between geological strata (e.g. layers of gravel and sand interbedded with layers of silt in distal alluvial fan deposits) in aquifers plays a significant role in regulating the flux of matter and energy between compartments. Ecotones are characterised by steep physicochemical and biological gradients and considerable biological diversity. However, the link between organic pollutants and degradation potential in ecotones has scarcely been studied. The aim of this study is to relate the presence of ecotones with the dehalogenation of chloroethenes. A field site was selected where chloroethene contamination occurs in a granular aquifer with geological heterogeneities. The site is monitored by multilevel and conventional wells. Groundwater samples were analysed by chemical, isotopic, and molecular techniques. The main results were as follows: (1) two ecotones were characterised in the source area, one in the upper part of the aquifer and the second in the transition zone to the bottom aquitard, where the aged pool is located; (2) the ecotone located in the transition zone to the bottom aquitard has greater microbial diversity, due to higher geological heterogeneities; (3) both ecotones show the reductive dehalogenation of perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene; and (4) these ecotones are the main zones of the reductive dehalogenation of the pollutants, given the more reductive conditions at the centre of the plume. These findings suggest that ecotones are responsible for natural attenuation, where oxic conditions prevailed at the aquifer and bioremediation strategies could be applied more effectively in these zones to promote complete reductive dehalogenation.

Global environment changes rapidly alter regional hydrothermal conditions, which undoubtedly affects the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. However, identifying and quantifying the dynamic evolution and driving factors of vegetation greenness under the changing environment are still a challenge. In this study, gradual trend analysis was applied to calculate the overall spatiotemporal trend of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series of Xinjiang province in China, the abrupt change analysis was used to detect the timing of breakpoint and trend shift, and two machine learning methods (boosted regression tree and random forest) were used to quantify the key factors of vegetation change and their relative contribution rate. The results have shown that vegetation has experienced overall recovery over the past 20 years in Xinjiang, and greenness increased at a rate of 17.83 10⁻⁴ year⁻¹. Cropland, grassland, and sparse vegetation were the main biome types where vegetation restoration is happening. Nearly 10% of the pixels (about 166000 km²) were detected to have breakpoints from 2004 to 2016 of the monthly NDVI, and most of the breakpoints were concentrated in the ecotone of various biomes. CO₂ concentration was the most prevalent environmental factor to increase vegetation greenness, because continuous emission of CO₂ greatly enhanced the fertilization effect, further promoted vegetation growth. Besides, cropland expansion and desertification control were the vital anthropogenic factors to vegetation turning “green” in Xinjiang, and most areas under anthropogenic were mainly in oasis areas. These findings provide new insights and measures for the regional response strategies and terrestrial ecosystem protection.

To determine the dynamic change characteristics of NO₃–N in a rural–urban ecotone channel, five tracer tests were conducted in the Dongda Channel in the suburbs of Changchuan city, Jilin province, China, from October 2016 to April 2017. NaBr was used as conservative tracer and KNO₃ served as an added nutritive salt. The kinetic features of NO₃–N were simulated via the addition of tracers and by employing the spiralling curve characterization approach and the Michaelis–Menten (M–M) equation. The average absorption length of NO₃⁻–N background concentration (Sw₋ₐₘb) is 199 m, which is much less than the discharge channel length (2.5 km), thereby suggesting that the channel has a strong NO₃–N retention potential. Moreover, the M–M equation fits well the kinetic features of NO₃–N adsorption. The average maximum absorption rate and subsaturation constant are 631 μg (m² s)⁻¹ and 1.46 mg L⁻¹, respectively. The correlation analysis reveals that Sw₋ₐₘb and NO₃⁻–N absorption rates (NO₃–Nₐₘb) are significantly negatively correlated whereas the absorption rates of NO₃⁻–N background concentration (Uₐₘb) and NO₃–Nₐₘb are significantly positively correlated. The other spiralling indices show faint correlations with the background concentration of NO₃–N. Meanwhile, the hydrological factors slightly influence NO₃–N retention, but the geomorphic features of the channel, including (width residual) Фw and (cross-sectional area residual) ФA, have significant correlations with most spiralling indices, thereby highlighting the relatively important roles of geomorphic features in NO₃–N retention.

Northwest Shanxi is located on the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China, where aeolian desertification is one of the most serious environmental and socioeconomic issues. The remote sensing image and geostatistical approach were implemented to estimate aeolian desertified land (ADL) dynamic variations from 1975 to 2015. Results showed that the ADL covered 11,685.21 km² (82.29%) of the study area in 2015, the majority of which was classified as a light or moderate degree. The area of ADL gradually expanded at an increasing rate of 87.37 km² a⁻¹ during the 1975–2000 periods. More specifically, the area of ADL has increased by 1259.23 km² from 1975 to 1990 and by 924.96 km² from 1990 to 2000, respectively. In contrast, spatial transfer of ADL areas has dwindled by 2365.85 km² with a net decrease of 157.72 km² a⁻¹, and the mitigated areas of aeolian desertification were 10,602.24 km² between 2000 and 2015. During the past 40 years, the gravity center of ADL migrated to southeast until 2000 and moved northwest in 2000–2015. From 1975 to 2000, the migration distance of severe ADL was the largest, migrated toward the northwest by 19.03 km in 1975–1990 and by 20.16 km in 1990–2000, respectively. From 2000 to 2015, the migration distance of light ADL was the largest, 27.54 km migrated to the northwest. Aeolian desertification rapidly expanded from 1975 to 2000 under the combination of climate change and intensive human activities. Since the year of 2000, ecological engineering strategy initiated by the governments has been the dominant contributor to the aeolian desertification severity reversal. Aeolian desertification prevention is a complicated process. Both the central and local government should play a critical role in the rehabilitation of ADL in the long term.