The in-lab incubation experiments were conducted to identify the passivation effect of corn vinasse biochar, which was prepared at different temperatures, on heavy metal Pb in paddy soil of the Pb-Zn mining area. The results showed that after 30 days of biochar amended to the soil, the soil pH and organic carbon content increased by 2.72%-8.47% and 27.79%-65.26%, respectively. The CO32- and OH- contained in corn vinasse biochar could react with Pb and generate carbonate and hydroxide of Pb. In comparison with the treatment control, the bioavailable fractions of Pb were reduced by 26.6%, 23.30%, 26.95%, and 35.33%, respectively, in biochar-amended treatments. Exchangeable fractions of Pb decreased by 21.50%, 21.33%, 22.58%, and 22.58% for the treatment 3% (300°C), 6% (300°C), 3% (600°C), and 6% (300°C) corn vinasse biochar, respectively, compared with the treatment control. As a whole, corn vinasse biochar could effectively promote the transformation of Pb in soil from the exchangeable fractions into the Fe-Mn oxide-bound fractions and residue fractions, with a significant passivation effect for Pb in soil and more effective passivation by high-temperature preparation and increased dosage of biochar.

The long-term use of sewage to irrigate farmland will increase the content of heavy metals in the soil and cause soil pollution. Heavy metal pollution in soils will restrict the sustainable development of local agriculture and will have a negative impact on the ecological environment. In this paper, the irrigation areas using domestic sewage, mixed sewage and industrial sewage as an irrigation water source for many years have been selected as the research objects, and the content of the heavy metals lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in the soil with the depth of 0-20cm, 20-50cm and 50-80cm of three kinds of sewage irrigation areas are assessed using single factor pollution index method and Nemerow comprehensive index method, and the potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the soil are assessed using Hakanson ecological risk index method. The results show that the content of heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in different depths of the three sewage irrigation areas does not exceed the national standard limit, and the heavy metal pollution grade in the soil belongs to the safety grade, indicating that the content of heavy metals in the soil has not reached the alert level. The potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the soil show minor ecological risks judging from single indexes, while Cd shows that the ecological risks are at a strong level. Judging from the comprehensive potential ecological risk index, the potential ecological risks of the heavy metals in the study area is minor in graded, but the heavy metals in the soil of the mixed sewage irrigation area and the industrial sewage irrigation area have a moderate grade of potential ecological risks at the depth of 50-80 cm. Therefore, although the content of the heavy metals in the soil of the three kinds of sewage irrigation areas in the study area is safe, the potential ecological risk of Cd is quite high, which should be paid attention to.

The contamination of heavy metal in leachate was investigated at various sites with different solid waste management, namely an open dump, controlled dump, and sanitary landfill. The results indicated that all four heavy metals investigated (cadmium, lead, mercury, and manganese) were present in the leachate at all solid waste management sites. The highest cadmium and lead concentrations were each observed in open dump leachate samples, while the highest manganese and mercury concentrations were each observed in controlled dump leachate samples.

Developing countries are increasingly concerned with pollution due to toxic heavy metals in the environment. Unlike most organic pollutants which can be destroyed, toxic metal ions released into the environment often persist indefinitely circulating and eventually accumulating throughout the food chain thus posing a serious threat to mankind. The use of biological materials for heavy metal removal or recovery has gained importance in recent years due to their good performance and low cost. Among the various sources, both live and inactivated biomass of organisms exhibits interesting metal binding capacities. Their complex cell walls contain high content of functional groups like amino, amide, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phosphate which have been implicated in metals binding. In the present study, Aspergillus niger was used to analyze the metal uptake from an aqueous solution. The determination of Cu+2, Pb+2, Cd+2, Zn+2, Co-2 and Ni+2 in samples was carried out by differential Pulse Anodic Voltammetry (DPASV) and the Voltammograms. Production of oxalic acid was carried out by submerged fermentation. The organism used in the present study has the ideal properties to sequester toxic metals and grow faster.

The Philippines, like many other Asian countries, is struggling to combat the current widespread aquatic pollution levels caused by anthropogenic activities. Environmental biomonitoring is an efficient tool to detect and monitor the fluctuating toxicity levels in a dynamic ecosystem using bioindicators like algae, macrophytes, zooplankton, insect, bivalve mollusks, gastropod, fish, amphibians, and others to assess the extent and levels of pollution in aquatic ecosystems. The present review deliberates on the biomonitoring techniques such as bioaccumulation, biochemical alterations, population, and community-level approaches to evaluate the current status with respect to the extent and levels of pollution in the aquatic ecosystems in the Philippines which also is one of the biodiversity hotspots. Therefore, the potential applications for biomonitoring are proposed to mainly include evaluation of actual aquatic pollutions, bioremediation, toxicology prediction, and research on toxicological mechanisms. The purpose of such evaluations is to critically analyze and help stakeholders to come up with a strategic action plan with recommendations on a low-cost, sensitive, and effective bioindicator for rapid and efficient environmental biomonitoring.

The present study aims to assess the pollutant impact from everyday untreated or partially treated industrial wastes, wastewater treatment plants and Baghdad Medical City wastewater discharge into Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were collected from seven locations of the Tigris River near Baghdad Medical City in November 2018. Morphological characteristics and biochemical methods were used to characterize Escherichia coli and Klebsiella isolates revealing that the Tigris River accumulate different amounts of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and Klebsiella sp. isolates and that pattern of resistance is different in each site. E. coli was the predominant bacterial contaminant at site 1 which is near sewage of several hospitals in Baghdad Medical City. The influence of different water quality parameters (total dissolved solids, electric conductivity, alkalinity, turbidity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphate ion, nitrate, sulphate, chloride) and heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Co, Cu, and Ni) were investigated at bacterial contaminated site 1. Besides, physiological parameters (pH value and temperature) were applied. The results revealed that these parameters were within Iraqi standards levels with a slight increase in pH and temperature at site 1.

Heavy metal poisoning means an excess of the required concentration that is found naturally on earth. In the present experiment, it has been observed that the natural water source surrounded by mountains is also polluted with arsenic because these heavy metals like arsenic are naturally contained in rocks that accumulate in the water source with soil erosion and rain. In this experiment arsenic was found in the water of Chhilpura pond, in which the haematology and biochemistry of catfish (Clarias batrachus) were studied, it was found that the RBC, haemoglobin, PCV, MCV, MCH, platelets, glucose and protein contents of catfish were found to be relatively low as compared to the control, whereas the WBC was observed to be higher to control and differential leucocyte count fluctuations were observed. It can be inferred from this experiment that heavy metals such as arsenic alter the haematology and biochemistry of catfish (Clarias batrachus).

Petroleum hydrocarbon is one of the dangerous substances in the process of petroleum development, refining, processing, transportation, and production. In the related activities of the petroleum industry, the output is large, and improper treatment will cause pollution to the surrounding environment. It is an urgent problem to conduct harmless and resource treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soil. Plant enrichment, as an environmentally friendly and pollution-free technical means, has the advantages of low cost and small change to the soil environment and effectively solves the problems of excessive heavy metals in petroleum hydrocarbons through plant enrichment. In this paper, the development process of plant enrichment, remediation methods, and plant enrichment of typical heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Zn) in petroleum hydrocarbon-polluted soil were systematically introduced. Through investigation, the mechanism and influencing factors of plant enrichment of heavy metals in the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons were summarized and analyzed, and the possible development direction of plant enrichment technology in the future was prospected.

Analysis of soil samples collected from various banana fields in Kozhikode district was carried out to identify the extent of heavy metal and pesticide contamination. Analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry revealed contamination of lead in some of the banana fields (Omasseri, Balussery, Vengeri & Nanmanda) in the district. The Gas Chromatogram analysis revealed that the banana fields in Kozhikode district were free of organo-chloride and organo-phosphate pesticide contamination. Among the several ornamental plants evaluated for assessing lead phytoremediation potential, Dianthus chinensis L. showed the highest phytoaccumulation potential. Chrysanthemum indicum L., Ruellia simplex C. Wright and Lantana camara L.also showed high lead accumulation. Therefore, these ornamental plants could be used in phytoremediation to remove lead from contaminated soils.

Heavy metal accumulation in soils, and subsequently, in vegetation by long-term wastewater irrigation has a potentially detrimental effect on humans via their transfer along the food chain. In this reconnaissance study the effects of wastewater irrigation on the accumulation of heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soils and vegetables from croplands along some ~60 km stretches of Sabarmati River, near Ahmedabad city were assessed. Geochemical factors associated with metals in the soil-water environment seem to regulate more the metal transfer (soil-to-vegetable) than the physiological factors associated with the vegetable’s types.The risk associated with the dietary intake of metal contaminated vegetables was quantified by Hazard Quotient (HQ). HQ was found to be very less sensitive on to the dietary intake pattern (e.g., leafy versus non-leafy vegetables) of the consumers. In contrast to low risk associated with Co, Cu, Ni and Zn with very low HQ values, high risk was found for Pb (HQ of ~6.1±0.6) followed by both Mn and Cr (HQ of ~1.0 ± 0.1). Based on the results on wastewater irrigation in the studied region, we suggest more efficient treatment of wastewater facilities and semi-decadal monitoring of heavy metal in vegetables grown under wastewater irrigated soils.