This study evaluated the effect of growth of different tissue compartments on the bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China. A non-steady state bioenergetics/toxicokinetic model was developed to simulate PCB and Hg concentrations in these two species and compared with field data. Simulations using constant whole body growth rate and constant tissue to whole body weight ratios were contrasted against simulations adopting age specific whole body and tissue/age specific growth rates for their goodness of fit to field data. The simulations using age/tissue specific growth rates demonstrated better fit to field data for PCBs compared to the constant growth rate models (22% improved R²), while both models explained similar variation in Hg concentration data. Both species demonstrated higher growth rates of lipids (on a daily basis) relative to whole body and protein contributing to higher growth dilution of PCBs compared to Hg. Although stable isotope data indicated some degree of diet and/or habitat shift, simulations assuming a constant diet concentration explained between 36 and 40% of the variation in fish concentrations for both contaminants and fish species. This study demonstrates that differences in the bioaccumulation rate of PCBs and Hg by Asian carp can be partially explained by differences in the growth rates of key tissue storage compartments associated with each contaminant. These differences in chemical-specific growth dilution subsequently contribute to differences in chemical retention and bioaccumulation patterns of Hg and PCBs by fish.

Fish-associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have attracted increasing attention due to their potential risks to human beings via the food chain. However, data are scarce regarding the antibiotic resistance in fish themselves. Herein, the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were assessed in the gut of four major Chinese freshwater carp (i.e., silver carp, grass carp, bighead carp, and crucian carp) from food retail markets. Results show that the abundances of target ARGs (e.g., tetA, tetO, tetQ, tetW, sulI, sulII, and blaTEM₋₁) and class 1 integrase (intI1) were in the range 9.4 × 10⁻⁶ - 1.6 × 10⁻¹ and 6.7 × 10⁻⁵ - 5.2 × 10⁻² gene copies per 16S rRNA gene, respectively. The sulI, sulII, and tetQ strongly correlated with silver and mercury resistance genes (e.g., silE and merR). The microbial taxa of fish gut could be partly separated among retail markets based on the PCA analysis. About 15.0% of the OTUs in fish gut were shared and 74.5% of the shared OTUs were identified as Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. These phyla may constitute the core microbiota in the guts of the four Chinese freshwater carp. The possible ARG hosts were revealed based on the network analysis, and the presence of pathogen-associated resistant genera in fish gut highlights the need to fully understand their potential human health risks.

Aquaculture can affect the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and mercury (Hg) in fish by altering their diet. Here, planktivorous (silver carp and bighead carp), omnivorous and carnivorous fish with different dietary strategies were selected from two reservoirs, one with on-going aquaculture (WJD) and another without aquaculture (HF) in Southwest China. We compared the total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) contents and PUFA profiles of fish and their potential diets in these two reservoirs. THg and MeHg contents in omnivorous and carnivorous fish were lower from the WJD Reservoir, which is related to the lower THg and MeHg contents in the artificial fish food. THg and MeHg contents in silver carp from the WJD Reservoir were lower than those from the HF Reservoir, while they were similar in bighead carps from the two reservoirs. The Hg variation in planktivorous fish were inconsistent with that in plankton. THg contents in phyto- and zooplankton from the HF Reservoir were higher than those from the WJD Reservoir, yet their MeHg contents were similar. Artificial fish food which contained higher total PUFA eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), significantly increased the total PUFA and EPA + DHA contents in carnivorous fish, but had less effect on that in omnivorous fish from the WJD Reservoir. Eutrophication caused by aquaculture reduced total PUFA and EPA + DHA contents of plankton in WJD, yet did not reduce those in planktivorous fish. The impacts of aquaculture on Hg and PUFA accumulated in fish were varied among different fish species, and the mechanism needs further exploration.

The major aim of this study was to investigate heavy metal content of edible fish in the PRD. Eleven species of fish (consisting of 711 individuals) [catfish (Clarias fuscus), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), mandarin fish (Siniperca kneri), snakehead (Channa asiatiea), black bass (Micropterus salmoides), mangrove snapper (Lutjanus griseus), star snapper (Lutjanu stellatus), snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)] were collected for the analyses of heavy metals. Overall concentrations (mg/kg, ww) in the fish muscles were: As (0.03–1.53), Pb (0.03–8.62), Cd (0.02–0.06), Ni (0.44–9.75), Zn (15.7–29.5), Cr (0.22–0.65), Cu (0.79–2.26), Mn (0.82–6.91). Significant level of Pb were found in tilapia at all locations. It is recommended that heavy metal concentrations in different fish species must be determined on a regular basis in the future so as to reduce human health risks from acute and chronic food intoxication.

It is a common practice to improve the water environment of rivers and lakes in China by the enhancement and releasing (EAR) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) for biomanipulation. However, the quantity of bighead carp and its effect on water quality and plankton community have been the focus of debate among ecologists. Herein, in order to more accurately simulate the environmental conditions of lakes, we selected earthen ponds with large areas adjacent to Lake Qiandao from May to August in 2016 to study the responses of water quality condition and plankton community to a gradient of bighead carp stocked alone. Experimental groups with different densities of carp stocked were set as follows: 12.1 (LF), 23.5 (MF), and 32.5 g/m³ (HF), and a control group with no fish (NF). Results showed that total phosphorus (TP) in the fish-containing groups considerably decreased, and the lowest chlorophyll-a concentration (chl-a) was detected in the MF group. The biomass accumulation of the crustacean zooplankton was suppressed after carp was introduced, but the diversity, richness, and evenness of the crustacean zooplankton were weakly affected, except in the HF group. Phytoplankton biomass especially that of cyanobacteria was grazed rapidly by fish in the MF and HF groups and biodiversity indices were considerably increased in the fish-containing groups, especially in the late stages of the experiment. At a fish stocking density of 23.5–38.8 g/m³, the highest efficiency in controlling cyanobacteria and promoting water condition was achieved, and the impact on zooplankton diversity was weak. Our results indicated that bighead carp can be included in the EAR of lakes and reservoirs, but the optimal density of bighead carp stocking should be carefully considered.

Vibrio cholerae is a leading waterborne pathogen worldwide. Continuous monitoring of V. cholerae contamination in aquatic products and identification of risk factors are crucial for assuring food safety. In this study, we determined the virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, heavy metal tolerance, and genetic diversity of 400 V. cholerae isolates recovered from commonly consumed freshwater fish (Aristichthys nobilis, Carassius auratus, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and Parabramis pekinensis) collected in July and August of 2017 in Shanghai, China. V. cholerae has not been previously detected in the half of these fish species. The results revealed an extremely low occurrence of pathogenic V. cholerae carrying the major virulence genes ctxAB (0.0%), tcpA (0.0%), ace (0.0%), and zot (0.0%). However, high incidence of virulence-associated genes was observed, including the RTX toxin gene cluster (rtxA-D) (83.0–97.0%), hlyA (87.8%), hapA (95.0%), and tlh (76.0%). Meanwhile, high percentages of resistance to antimicrobial agents streptomycin (65.3%), ampicillin (44.5%), and rifampicin (24.0%) were observed. Approximately 30.5% of the isolates displayed multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes with 42 resistance profiles, which were significantly different among the four fish species (MARI, P = 0.001). Additionally, tolerance of isolates to heavy metals Hg²⁺ (49.3%), Zn²⁺ (30.3%), and Pb²⁺ (12.0%) was observed. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR)-based fingerprinting of the 400 V. cholerae isolates revealed 328 ERIC-genotypes, which demonstrated a large degree of genomic variation among the isolates. Overall, the results of this study support the need for food safety risk assessment of aquatic products.

Concentrations and profiles of 17 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including 13 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFA) and 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFS) were determined in whole blood, muscle, and liver samples of four freshwater fish species in West Lake and Yen So Lake (Hanoi, Vietnam). Concentrations of total 17 PFAS in fish blood samples ranged from 5.2 to 29 (median 16) ng/mL. Total 17 PFAS levels in liver samples (4.5; 2.7–6.6 ng/g wet weight) were significantly higher than in muscle samples (1.0; 0.51–2.6 ng/g wet weight). More than 90% PFAS burdens in our fish samples were attributed to muscle and blood rather than liver, but contributions of individual compounds varied greatly. The most predominant substances were perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and PFA with chain lengths from C10 to C14 (i.e., PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, and PFTeDA). There is no significant difference in PFAS concentrations between the studied species (i.e., bighead carp, common carp, rohu, and tilapia), but common carp showed specific PFAS profiles as compared to other species (e.g., higher proportions of PFOS and long-chain PFA such as PFTrDA, PFTeDA, and PFHxDA). Daily intake doses of PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) through fish consumption were markedly lower than the US EPA reference dose of 20 ng/kg/day. Weekly intakes of the sum of PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA in our study were still lower than the EFSA tolerable weekly intake of 4.4 ng/kg/week.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced in the world and is frequently used in dental sealants, water bottles, food, and beverage packaging. Due to persistent applications, BPA has become a potential threat to a variety of organisms including public health. In this study, a total of 80 bighead carps were randomly placed in different four groups (A–D). Fish in groups B, C, and D were exposed to BPA @500, 1000, and 1500 μg/L, respectively for 60 days. Fish in group A served as an untreated control group. The body weight was significantly decreased while the absolute and relative weight of different visceral organs increased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish exposed to higher concentration (1500 μg/L) of BPA. Results on proximate analysis showed significantly lower values of crude proteins, lipids, and moisture contents while increased contents of ash in muscles of treated fish. The erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, and monocytes significantly decreased while total leukocyte and neutrophil counts significantly increased in treated fish. Results exhibited that different serum biochemistry parameters like serum albumin and total proteins decreased significantly (p < 0.05) while alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in treated fish. Histopathological ailments like pyknosis, degeneration of glomeruli, increased Bowman’s space, ceroid formation in kidneys while ceroid formation, hemorrhages, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, nuclear hypertrophy, and eccentric nuclei were observed in the liver of treated fish. Histological observation of different sections of the brain of treated fish exhibited degeneration of neurons in the cerebellum, lipofuscin deposition, microgliosis, necrotic neurons, inflammatory cells, and hemorrhage. Results on light microscopic observation of different sections of the heart of bighead carp revealed necrosis, inflammatory reaction, neutrophilic myocarditis, and hemorrhages. In conclusion, it is suggested that BPA induces adverse effects on physical, blood-biochemical parameters, and histopathological changes in multiple visceral tissues of exposed fish.

Levels of heavy metals and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in fishes sampled in Jilin Songhua Lake, China. Concentrations and congener profiles of these contaminants varied by fish type. The highest concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Cd were found in three omnivorous fish (Carassius carassius, Hypomesus olidus, and Hemiculter leucisculus). The highest concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Hg were found in Silurus asotus and Hemibarbus maculatus which are two kinds of carnivorous fish. The minimum total concentration of the seven PBDEs of fish was 0.093 ng/g wet weight (ww) in Ctenopharyngodon idellus, while the maximum, 0.342 ng/g ww, was detected in Aristichthys nobilis. Of all the congeners, BDE 28 and 47 were dominant. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of these metals and PBDEs via consuming the fishes was estimated to be 1.159–10.121 μg/kg bw/day and 0.046–0.597 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The total hazard quotients (THQs) of both types of pollutants were far below 1, indicating that the health risks of these pollutants were low for the people who consumed the fish species from the Songhua Lake.

Deterring the spread of invasive fishes is a challenge for managers, and bigheaded carp (including bighead and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys spp.) are invasive fish that have spread throughout large portions of the Mississippi River basin and threaten to invade the Great Lakes’ ecosystem. Studies have shown that elevated levels of carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) have the ability to act as a nonphysical fish barrier, but little work has been done on the efficacy of CO₂ to deter fish movement in flowing water. An annular swim flume was used to measure Ubᵤᵣₛₜ and sprint duration of the model species largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) across a range of pCO₂ levels (< 400 μatm [ambient]; 10,000 μatm; 50,000 μatm; and 100,000 μatm). This species was tested as a proxy because of the likelihood of a similar CO₂ response being produced, as well as constraints in obtaining and housing appropriately sized Asian carp. A significant decrease in Ubᵤᵣₛₜ swimming occurred when exposed to 100,000 μatm. No effects on sprint duration were detected. In both swimming tests, 15% of fish lost equilibrium when exposed to 50,000 μatm pCO₂, while 50% of fish lost equilibrium when exposed to 100,000 μatm. Together, results define target levels for managers to impede the spread of largemouth bass and potentially other invasive freshwater fishes, helping guide policy to conserve aquatic ecosystems.