A large anthropogenic source of mercury pollution is mercury-dependent artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). Thabeikkyin Township is a small-scale gold mining township located in Pyin Oo Lwin District in the Mandalay Region, Myanmar. The villages of Thabeikkyin Township engage in gold ore crushing, screening, refining, and other mining activities for a living. Miners in this area commonly use mercury for gold recovery by heating amalgam at their homes, gold shops, on the street, and near the riverbank. The evaporated mercury is released into the atmosphere during the heating process and then transported and deposited in the surrounding environments, resulting in the mercury pollution of air, water, soil, etc. To assess atmospheric mercury pollution, a preliminary study on the environmental mercury contamination from ASGM was conducted in Thabeikkyin Township. High mercury concentrations were observed in plant samples collected near the refining sites, ranging 0.33–6.51 ug/g, compared with 0.02 ug/g in Wet Thay Village, where no mercury use was reported. Correlation coefficients between Hg and other heavy metals showed that no heavy metal concentration significantly correlated with that of Hg. The results indicated that the atmospheric environment in the ASGM area of Thabeikkyin Township was contaminated with mercury originating from ASGM, which could very likely deteriorate the health of surrounding residents.

Humic-like substances (HULIS) are complex mixtures that are highly associated with brown carbon (BrC) and are important components of biomass burning (BB) emissions. In this study, we investigated the light absorption, emission factors (EFs), and amounts of HULIS emitted from the simulated burning of 27 types of regionally important rainforest biomass in Southeast Asia. We observed that HULIS had a high mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE₃₆₅), with an average value of 2.6 ± 0.83 m² g⁻¹ C. HULIS emitted from BB accounted for 65% ± 13% of the amount of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and 85% ± 10% of the light absorption of WSOC at 365 nm. The EFs of HULIS from BB averaged 2.3 ± 2.1 g kg⁻¹ fuel, and the burning of the four vegetation subtypes (herbaceous plants, shrubs, evergreen trees, and deciduous trees) exhibited different characteristics. The differences in EFs among the subtypes were likely due to differences in lignin content in the vegetation, the burning conditions, or other factors. The light absorption characteristics of HULIS were strongly associated with the EFs. The annual emissions (minimum–maximum) of HULIS from BB in this region in 2016 were 200–371 Gg. Furthermore, the emissions from January to April accounted for 99% of the total annual emissions of HULIS, which is likely the result of the burning activities during this season. The most significant emission regions were Cambodia, Burma, Thailand, and Laos. This study, which evaluated emissions of HULIS by simulating open BB, contributes to a better understanding of the light-absorbing properties and regional budgets of BrC in this region.

The space-borne measured fine-mode aerosol optical depth (fAOD) is a gross index of column-integrated anthropogenic particulate pollutants, especially over the populated land. The fAOD is the product of the AOD and the fine-mode fraction (FMF). While there exist numerous global AOD products derived from many different satellite sensors, there have been much fewer, if any, global FMF products with a quality good enough to understand their spatiotemporal variations. This is key to understanding the global distribution and spatiotemporal variations of air pollutants, as well as their impacts on global environmental and climate changes. Modifying our newly developed retrieval algorithm to the latest global-scale Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol product (Collection 6.1), a global 10-year FMF product is generated and analyzed here. We first validate the product through comparisons with the FMF derived from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements. Among our 169,313 samples, the satellite-derived FMFs agreed with the AERONET spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA)-retrieved FMFs with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.22. Analyzed using this new product are the global patterns and interannual and seasonal variations of the FMF over land. In general, the FMF is large (>0.80) over Mexico, Myanmar, Laos, southern China, and Africa and less than 0.5 in the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of northern Africa. Seasonally, higher FMF values occur in summer and autumn. The linear trend in the satellite-derived and AERONET FMFs for different countries was explored. The upward trend in the FMFs was particularly strong over Australia since 2008. This study provides a new global view of changes in FMFs using a new satellite product that could help improve our understanding of air pollution around the world.

Lijiang is a high-altitude city located on the eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau, with complex seasonal atmospheric circulations (i.e. westerly wind, Indian Monsoon, and East Asia Monsoon). Very few previous studies have focused on seasonal variations and sources of organic pollutants in Lijiang. In this study, a four-year air campaign from June 2009 to July 2013 was conducted to investigate the temporal trends and the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine compounds [including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]. The atmospheric PAH concentrations in winter are 2–3 times of those in summer, probably because of the combined result of enhanced local emission and long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) during winter. Traffic pollution was the primary local source of PAHs, while biomass burning is the dominant LRAT source. OCPs and PCBs also mainly underwent LRAT to reach Lijiang. The peak concentrations of most of OCPs occurred in pre-monsoon season and winter, which were carried by air masses from Myanmar and India through westerly winds. As compared with other sites of the Tibetan Plateau, without the direct barrier of the Himalaya, Lijiang is easily contaminated by the incursion of polluted air masses.

Arsenic, cadmium and lead are toxic environmental contaminants. They were shown to be associated with telomere length (TL) in adults. Although they can cross the placental barrier, the effect of prenatal exposure of these metals on newborn TL is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether prenatal exposure to heavy metals has an impact on newborn leucocyte TL. A birth-cohort study was conducted with 409 pregnant women and their newborns in Myanmar. During the first visit, face-to-face interviews were conducted, and maternal spot urine sampling was performed. Cord blood samples were collected during follow-up. Urinary heavy metal concentration was measured by ICP-MS and adjusted for creatinine. Relative TL was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The extent of prenatal arsenic, cadmium and lead exposure and their associations with newborn leucocyte TL were assessed using multivariate linear regression. The median values of maternal urinary arsenic, cadmium, and lead concentrations were 73.9, 0.9, and 1.8 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Prenatal arsenic and cadmium exposure was significantly associated with newborn TL shortening (lowest vs highest quartile, coefficient = - 0.13, 95% CI: - 0.22, - 0.03, p = 0.002, and coefficient = - 0.17, 95% CI: - 0.27, - 0.07, p = 0.001, respectively), and the associations remained robust after adjusting for confounders. There was no significant association between prenatal lead exposure and newborn TL. The present study identified the effect of arsenic and cadmium exposure on TL shortening, even in utero exposure at a lower concentration.

Climate Change solutions include CO₂ extraction from atmosphere and water with burial by living habitats in sediment/soil. Nowhere on the planet are blue carbon plants which carry out massive carbon extraction and permanent burial more intensely concentrated than in SE Asia. For the first time we make a national and total inventory of data to date for “blue carbon” buried from mangroves and seagrass and delineate the constraints. For an area across Southeast Asia of approximately 12,000,000 km², supporting mangrove forests (5,116,032 ha) and seagrass meadows (6,744,529 ha), we analyzed the region's current blue carbon stocks. This estimate was achieved by integrating the sum of estuarine in situ carbon stock measurements with the extent of mangroves and seagrass across each nation, then summed for the region. We found that mangroves ecosystems regionally supported the greater amount of organic carbon (3095.19Tg Cₒᵣg in 1st meter) over that of seagrass (1683.97 Tg Cₒᵣg in 1st meter), with corresponding stock densities ranging from 15 to 2205 Mg ha⁻¹ and 31.3 to 2450 Mg ha⁻¹ respectively, a likely underestimate for entire carbon including sediment depths. The largest carbon stocks are found within Indonesia, followed by the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Tropical China, Viet-Nam, and Cambodia. Compared to the blue carbon hotspot of tropical/subtropical Gulf of Mexico's total carbon stock (480.48 Tg Corg), Southeast Asia's greater mangrove–seagrass stock density appears a more intense Blue Carbon hotspot (4778.66 Tg Corg). All regional Southeast Asian nation states should assist in superior preservation and habitat restoration plus similar measures in the USA & Mexico for the Gulf of Mexico, as apparently these form two of the largest tropical carbon sinks within coastal waters. We hypothesize it is SE Asia's regionally unique oceanic–geologic conditions, placed squarely within the tropics, which are largely responsible for this blue carbon hotspot, that is, consistently high ambient light levels and year-long warm temperatures, together with consistently strong inflow of dissolved carbon dioxide and upwelling of nutrients across the shallow geological plates.

Open burning emissions strongly influence smoke haze problems in Southeast Asia (SEA). The main objective of this study is to investigate the percent contribution of emissions from local and transboundary on air pollutant concentrations, particularly PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 μm), using the potential source contribution function (PSCF). A three-day backward trajectory (BWT) analysis of air mass movements at the Chiang Mai Air Quality Monitoring (CM-AQM) station in the dry season (February–April) during the years 2010–2015 was run and clustered. It was found that the air masses mainly originated from the southwest of the CM-AQM station. The correlation between the PM10 concentration and the number of active fires during the three-day BWT showed the highest correlation in April (R² = 0.64). The PSCF values showed that most of the high-potential sources (0.9–1.0) and emissions were transboundary from Myanmar (73.2%) and within Thailand (26.8%). The major open burning source during March and April was found in the agricultural areas of Myanmar, and the second-greatest source was found in the forested areas of Myanmar. However, the agricultural areas of Thailand contributed to the PM10 concentration in northern Thailand (NT) in February. Thus, this result shows that potential point sources of pollutants such as biomass burning, including those transported across national boundaries, can be investigated and determined their locations in the haze episodes of NT.

Substantial quantity of fish has been imported to Bangladesh without adequate food safety assessment which can pose a serious health risk to local people. This study analyzed the trace metals and organochlorine pesticides residues and the associated human health risk in 33 imported fishes (9 species) from four countries (India, Myanmar, Oman, and United Arab Emirates) collected from three different ports (Benapole, Bhomra, and Chittagong) of Bangladesh with invoice lists from the port authorities. Trace metal concentrations were determined using graphite furnace absorption spectrometry and flame absorption spectrometry. The two organochlorine pesticides (Aldrin and Chlordane) residues were determined by GC–MS and found as below detection level (BDL). The trace metal concentrations (mg/kg-ww) in imported fish samples ranged as As 0.008 to 0.558, Pb 0.004 to 0.070, Cr 0.010 to 0.109, Cd 0.00 to 0.083, Ni 0.011 to 0.059, Co BDL to 0.067, Mn BDL to 0.0780, Fe 1.780 to 10.77, Cu 0.055 to 0.632, and Zn 0.898 to 9.245. Concentrations of As and Cd were higher than the food safety guideline. Considering the source country of imported fishes, fish samples from Oman were mostly contaminated by the trace metals. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was higher for Cr. However, the target hazard quotient (THQ) for individual metal and total THQ for combined metals were lower than 1, indicating no apparent non-carcinogenic health risk for consumers. The cancer risk (CR) was within the acceptable range. But extensive monitoring of these toxic chemicals is needed prior to import these fishes to the country. Given the self-sufficiency in fish production, this study also argues whether Bangladesh needs to import the fishes at all.

The “Golden Triangle” is located on the border between Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand, and slash-and-burn cultivation is an ancient and typical land type in this region. With the development of the “The Belt and Road” strategy of China and the climate change, the vegetation information is bound to change intensively under the combined influence of alternative plantation projects and economic policies. Here we used MOD13Q1-normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and meteorological data to analyze the variation of vegetation coverage and its correlation with climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) during the period of 2000–2018 by using trend analysis, stability analysis, and partial correlation analysis. The results showed that the overall vegetation coverage of this region exerted the trend of improvement and became more stable over time. Spatially, the agglomeration degree became weaker as time goes during 2000–2018. The precipitation was more closely correlated with NDVI than temperature, indicating that precipitation could be the main limiting factor influencing vegetation change in this area. The correlation between NDVI and climatic factors exhibited differences among different seasons, with NDVI being less correlated with temperature and precipitation in spring and summer and more correlated with them in autumn and winter. Investigating the long-term vegetation coverage of this region and analyzing the trend of climate change is beneficial to understand the development trend of the ecological environment and resource potential in this region. Simultaneously, it can provide a favorable ecological evaluation for The Belt and Road strategy and provide important scientific suggestions and guidance for the sustainable development of ecosystems and human society under the drastic environmental changes.

This study aims to investigate the dynamic relationship between renewable and non-renewable energies, CO₂ intensity and economic growth for the period of 1990–2016 using a case study of Myanmar. Autoregressive distributed lag, dynamic OLS, fully modified OLS and Gregory–Hansen co-integration are applied to analyse a time series dataset over the specified time period. The analysis shows that total energy use plays an insignificant role in promoting economic growth. However, decomposition analysis reveals that only renewable energy use significantly promotes, whereas non-renewable energy negatively influences, economic growth. Furthermore, non-renewable energy use is counterproductive in the presence of technological inefficiency, and the size of the overall labour force fosters economic growth. Overall results are robust under different estimation scenarios, including structural break, endogeneity and mixed order of integration. This study presents a new avenue of knowledge by investigating the role of decomposed energy use and technological efficiency in promoting economic growth in the context of Myanmar. Results emphasise the production and use of renewable energy to achieve sustainable economic development in Myanmar.