Microplastics are widely used to manufacture diverse products such as textiles, skin care products, and household products such as detergents and soaps. However, microplastic pollution and its potential health risks are raising concerns worldwide. This study characterized and determined the safety of microplastics in water and sediments obtained from three locations, namely Ibeshe, Amuwo Odofin, and Ojo along Badagry lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. The samples of the lagoon's surface water and sediments were treated and analyzed for the abundance of microplastics, as well as their shapes, sizes, and types of polymers. The risk index of the polymers in the microplastics was also estimated. Microplastics were found to be more abundant (p ≤ 0.05) in the sediments (283–315 particles/kg) than in the surface water (108–199 particles/L). In both the water and sediments at all the locations, the dominant shapes were fibers (52%–90%), followed by fragments (3%–32%) and films (1%–25%). In order of significance, the microplastic size range of 0-100µm and 100-500µm dominated the surface water, while the size range of 1000-5000µm and 500-1000µm dominated the sediments at all the locations. The dominant polymers in both the water and sediments at all the locations were polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide, while the least was polystyrene. In both the water and sediments at all the locations, the dominant risk score among the polymers is III (moderate risk). The results obtained suggest that microplastic pollution poses environmental and health risks to the lagoon, aquatic organisms, and humans. As such, the lagoon required microplastic remediation and control.

peer reviewed | The northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis ingests a larger number of (micro)plastics than many other seabirds due to its feeding habits and gut morphology. Since 2002, they are bioindicators of marine plastics in the North Sea region, and data are needed to extend the programme to other parts of their distribution areas, such as the Arctic. In this study, we provide data on ingested plastics by fulmars collected in 1997 in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. An extraction protocol with KOH was used and for half of the birds, the gizzard and the proventricular contents were analysed separately. Ninety-one percent of the birds had ingested at least one piece of plastic with an average of 10.3 (±11.9 SD) pieces. The gizzards contained significantly more plastics than the proventriculus. Hard fragments and polyethylene were the most common characteristics. Twelve percent of the birds exceeded the EcoQO value of 0.1 g.

Microplastics (MPs) pollution in Tangxun Lake, the largest urban lake in China, was investigated. The average MPs pollution in sediment (1.81 ± 1.75 × 10⁴ items kg⁻¹) is at a high level, while the MPs in lakeshore water (917.77 ± 742.17 items m⁻³) is in the middle to low level compared with existing studies, which is related to the government's protection. Fragments and fibers are the most common shapes in sediment and water, respectively. MPs size <1 mm dominates in the sediment, while the MPs in water has a larger size. The distribution of MPs in the inner lake shows that pellets tend to “hidden” in sediments. Suspected MPs are randomly selected for polymer detection by Micro-Raman microscopy. Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are the most common polymer types in water, sediment and atmospheric deposition MPs samples. The input of wastewater, fishery and surrounding human activities are the main sources of MPs in sediment. Atmospheric deposition has a great impact on the distribution of MPs, while the contribution of surface runoff to lake MPs is not remarkable. In addition, MPs in sediments have exceeded the environmental carrying capacity. More attention should be focused on the sediment, where huge amounts of MPs are “hidden”.

Microplastics (MPs) released from both primary and secondary sources affect the functioning of aquatic system. These MPs and components leached, can interact with aquatic organisms of all trophic levels, including the primary producers, such as microalgae. Considering the ecological value of microalgae and the toxicological effects of MPs towards them, this review provides: (1) a detailed understanding of the interactions between MPs and microalgae in the complex natural environment; (2) a discussion about the toxic effects of single type and mixtures of plastic particles on the microalgae cells, and (3) a discussion about the impacts of MPs on various features of microalgae -based bioremediation technology. For this purpose, toxic effects of MPs on various microalgal species were compiled and plastic components of MPs were ranked on the basis of their toxic effects. Based on available data, ranking for various plastic components was found to be: Polystyrene (PS) (rank 1) > Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) > Polypropylene (PP) > Polyethylene (PE) (rank 4). Furthermore, the review suggested the need to understand joint toxicity of MPs along with co-contaminants on microalgae as the presence of other pollutants along with MPs might affect microalgae differently. In-depth investigations are required to check the impact of MPs on microalgae-based wastewater treatment technology and controlling factors.

This study investigates the incidence of MPs in surface sediment samples, collected from the Anzali Wetland, Gillan province, North of Iran. This natural habitat receives municipal wastewater effluents and hosts industries and recreational activities that could release plastic to the wetland. There is need for studies to understand MPs pollution in wetlands. A total of 40 superficial sediment samples were taken covering potential pollution hotspots in the wetland. The average level of MPs was 362 ± 327.6 MP/kg: the highest MPs levels were near the outlet of a highly urbanized river (Pirbazar River) (1380 MP/kg), which runs through Rasht city. This was followed by 1255 MP/kg where there was intense fishing, boating and tourism activities in the vicinity of Bandar-e Anzali city. Fibers were the most common type of MPs (80% of the total MPs detected). The MPs polluting the wetland were predominantly white/transparent (42%), and about 40% of them were >1000 μm. Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) prevailed in MPs found. MPs were characterized with polarized light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Microplastics levels were found to correlate significantly (p > 0.7) with electrical conductivity (EC) and sand-size fraction of the sediments. Coarse-grained sediments presented large capacity to lodge the MPs. This study can be used to establish protection policies in wetlands and newly highlights the opportunity of intercepting MPs in the Anzali Wetland, which are generally >250 μm, before they fragment further.

There has been an increasing interest in the pollution caused by meso- and microplastics (MMPs) in terrestrial ecosystems. Mulch film was once considered to be the most important source of MMPs in the mulching cultivated soil. However, the academic community has not given sufficient scientific evidence. In this study, stratified random sampling method was used to selectively interview households in Hebei province, China (400 households, 20 villages, 5 counties). Finally, household characteristics and mulch film use behavior of 41 households were collected, and corresponding soil samples were sampled. The results showed that 1) the abundance of MMPs was 29.3 ± 33.1 items·kg⁻¹ (DW) and the particle size of MMPs was 2.95 × 10³±1.75 × 10³ μm, and the proportion of MMPs derived from Polyethylene (PE) was only 18.8%; 2) the mass of MMPs was 2.90 ± 3.72 mg kg⁻¹ (DW) and the proportion of PE MMPs was 43.75%, which has the highest mass percentage; 3) After controlling the endogenous and dummy variables, the use history of mulch film (HistMF) was found to be positively correlated to the abundance of MMPs and inversely correlated to the particle size, but nor with the mass of MMPs; 4) Regarding the heterogeneous characteristics of MMPs, including particle size, color, shape, and type, the findings found the absence of a significant correlation between HistMF and the abundance and mass of PE. In summary, mulch-derived MMPs are not the primary source of MMPs in the mulching cultivated soil in terms of abundance but probably be in terms of mass.

Over the past two decades, there has been a lot of discussion about the rapid increase of microplastics (MPs) due to their persistence, ubiquity, and toxicity. The widespread distribution of MPs in various freshwater ecosystems makes them available for different trophic levels biota. The ingestion and trophic transfer of MPs may induce potential impacts on freshwater food webs. Therefore, this systematic review is an in-depth review of 51 recent studies to confirm the spatial distribution of MPs in the Chinese freshwater ecosystem including water, sediment and biota, exposure pathways, and impacts on freshwater food webs. The result suggested the white, transparent and colored, Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) of <1 mm fibers were dominant in Chinese freshwaters. The uptake of MPs by various freshwater organisms as well as physiological, biological and chemical impacts on food webs were also elucidated. At last, some limitations were discussed for future studies to better understand the effects of MPs on food webs.

The immense production of plastic polymers combined with their discordancy with nature has led to vast plastic waste contamination across the geosphere, from the oceans to freshwater reservoirs, wetlands, remote snowpacks, sediments, air and multiple other environments. These environmental pollutants include microplastics (MP), typically defined as small and fragmented plastics less than 5 mm in size, and nanoplastics (NP), particles smaller than a micrometer. The formation of micro and nanoplastics in aqueous media to date has been largely attributed to fragmentation of plastics by natural (i.e., abrasion, photolysis, biotic) or industrial processes. We present a novel method to create small microplastics (≲ 5 μm) and nanoplastics in water from a wide variety of plastic materials using a small volume of a solubilizer liquid, such as n-dodecane, in combination with vigorous mixing. When the suspensions or solutions are subjected to ultrasonic mixing, the particle sizes decrease. Small micro- and nanoparticles were made from commercial, real world and waste (aged) polyethylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate, in addition to other plastic materials and were analyzed using dark field microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and particle size measurements. The presented method provides a new and simple way to create specific size distributions of micro- and nanoparticles, which will enable expanded research on these plastic particles in water, especially those made from real world and aged plastics. The ease of NP and small MP formation upon initial mixing simulates real world environments, thereby providing further insight into the behavior of plastics in natural settings.

Currently, the evidence of the ingestion of microplastics (MPs) by organisms or the accumulation in different environmental compartments has been achieved using several methodological procedures. However, its uses have not been standardized across studies. In this study, we aim to assess and validate a protocol that can be useful for optimizing the identification and quantification procedures of polyethylene microplastics (PE MPs) in biological samples. Initially, considering that numerous studies filter samples previously digested in cellulosic membranes for isolation and analysis of MPs, we evaluated whether washing these membranes with different reagents could contribute to the complete detachment of particles, as well as to their dispersion in the obtained solutions. However, none of the tested reagents (dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, ethyl alcohol and chloroform), including purified water, was able to completely remove the MPs adhered to the membranes or facilitate their dispersion in the solutions. On the other hand, we observed that the digestion of the membranes by acetonitrile constituted a procedure that prevents the loss of particles due to adherence, in addition to promoting good dispersion of MPs. Subsequently, we evaluated the use of Neubauer chambers for the quantification of MPs, having observed a good recovery rate (>92%) and results with insignificant variation, in PE MPs solutions with different concentrations (0.15; 0.075 and 0.0375 mg/mL). Ultimately, the validation of the proposed procedures took place from the evaluation of the accumulation of PE MPs in Astyanax spp. juveniles, having demonstrated the efficiency and sensitivity of the method proposed for this purpose. Subsequently, our study provides a methodological alternative that can optimize MPs quantifications in biological samples and reduce the generation of biased or unreliable results.

A large amount of plastic waste is generated yearly worldwide, and landfills are commonly used for the disposal of plastic waste. However, burying in landfill does not get rid of the plastic waste but leave the problem to the future. Previous works have showed that microplastics are presented in the landfill refuse and leachate, which might be potential sources of microplastics. In this work, characteristics of microplastic pollution in an informal landfill in South China were studied. Landfill refuse, underlying soil, leachate, and groundwater samples were collected from different sites within and around the landfill. Results show that microplastics in the landfill refuse and underlying soil varied from 590 to 103,080 items/kg and from 570 to 14,200 items/kg, respectively. Most of the microplastics are fibrous, small sized, and transparent. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are major polymer types. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the microplastic samples indicate varying degree of weathering. Microplastic abundances in the landfill leachate and groundwater ranged from 3 to 25 items/L and from 11 to 17 items/L, respectively. Microplastics detected in the landfill leachate and groundwater are even smaller compared with those in the refuse and underlying soil and their polymer types are more diverse. This work demonstrated that microplastics presented in an informal landfill without sufficient protection can leak out to the surrounding environment. The microplastic pollution originated from informal landfills should receive more attentions.