Dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), a chlorinated flame retardant, has been widely detected in different environmental matrices and biota. However, toxicity data for Dec 602 seldom have been reported. A metabolomics study based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed to study the urine and sera metabolic profiles of mice administered with Dec 602 (0, 0.001, 0.1, and 10 mg/kg body weight per day) for 7 days. A significant difference in metabolic profiling was observed between the Dec 602 treated group and the control group by multivariate analysis, which directly reflected the metabolic perturbations caused by Dec 602. The metabolomics analyses of urine from Dec 602-exposed animals exhibited an increase in the levels of thymidine and tryptophan as well as a decrease in the levels of tyrosine, 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid, 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid and cuminaldehyde. The metabolomics analyses of sera showed a decrease in the levels of kynurenic acid, daidzein, adenosine, xanthurenic acid and hypoxanthine from Dec 602-exposed animals. These findings indicated Dec 602 induced disturbance in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis; phenylalanine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Significant alterations of immune and neurotransmitter-related metabolites (tyrosine, tryptophan, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid) suggest that the toxic effects of Dec 602 may contribute to its interactions with the immune and neuronal systems. This study demonstrated that the UHPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS-based metabolomic approach can obtain more specific insights into the potential toxic effects of Dec 602 at molecular level.

Metabolic uncouplers are widely used for the in-situ reduction of excess sludge from activated sludge systems. However, the interaction mechanism between the metabolic uncouplers and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge is unknown yet. In this study, the interactions between a typical metabolic uncoupler, o-chlorophenol (oCP), and the EPS extracted from activated sludge were explored using a suite of spectral methods. The binding constants calculated for the four peaks of three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence were in a range of 1.24–1.76 × 10³ L/mol, implying that the tyrosine protein-like substances governed the oCP-EPS interactions. Furthermore, the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that the carboxyl, carbonyl, amine, and hydroxyl groups of EPS were the main functional groups involved in the formation of the oCP-EPS complex. The results of this study are useful for understanding the interactions between metabolic uncouplers and the EPS of activated sludge as well as their fates in biological wastewater treatment systems.

Glyphosate, as a broad-spectrum herbicide, is frequently detected in water and several studies have investigated its effects on several freshwater aquatic organisms. Yet, only few investigations have been performed on marine macroalgae. Here, we studied both the metabolomics responses and the effect on primary production in the endemic brown algae Fucus virsoides exposed to different concentration (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg L⁻¹) of a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide, namely Roundup®. Our results show that Roundup® significantly reduced quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fᵥ/Fₘ) and caused alteration in the metabolomic profiles of exposed thalli compared to controls. Together with the decrease in the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), an increase in shikimate content was detected. The branched-amino acids differently varied according to levels of herbicide exposure, as well as observed for the content of choline, formate, glucose, malonate and fumarate. Our results suggest that marine primary producers could be largely affected by the agricultural land use, this asking for further studies addressing the ecosystem-level effects of glyphosate-based herbicides in coastal waters.

Environmental contamination by arsenic constitutes a problem in many countries, and its accumulation in food crops may pose health complications for humans. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved at various levels in the mechanism of responding to environmental stress in higher plants. Using Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to different arsenate concentrations, physiological and biochemical parameters were analyzed to determine the status of ROS and RNS metabolisms. Arsenate provoked a significant reduction in growth parameters and an increase in lipid oxidation. These changes were accompanied by an alteration in antioxidative enzymes and the nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, with a significant increase in NO content, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity and protein tyrosine nitration as well as a concomitant reduction in glutathione and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) content. Our results indicate that 500 μM arsenate (AsV) causes nitro-oxidative stress in Arabidopsis, being the glutathione reductase and the GSNOR activities clearly affected.

Effluent is often treated with ozone before being discharged into a natural water environment. This process will change the interaction between effluent organic matter and pollutants in aquatic environment. The impact of ozonation on complexation between dissolved organic matter in such wastewater and sulfadimidine often found in natural water was studied in laboratory experiments using four types of real wastewater. Ozonation was found to decrease the proportion of organic matter with a molecular weight greater than 5 kDa as well as protein-like, fulvic-like and humic-like components, but except the proportion of hydrophilic components. The aromaticity of the dissolved organic matter was also reduced after ozonation. The complexation of tryptophan and tyrosine with sulfadimidine mainly depends on their hydrophobicity and large molecular weight. Ozonation of fulvic and humic acid tends to produce small and medium molecular weight hydrophilics. The complexation of humic and fulvic acids with sulfadimidine was enhanced by ozonation. Dissolved organic matter, with or without oxidation, were found to weaken sulfadimidine’s inhibition of microbial growth, especially for Aeromonas and Acinetobacter species. This finding will expand our understanding about the impact of advanced treatment processes on the dissolved organic matters’ properties in effluent.

The formation of regulated and emerging halogenated carbonaceous (C-) and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) from the chlor(am)ination and UV irradiation of tyrosine (Tyr) was investigated. Increased chlorine contact time and/or Cl₂/Tyr ratio increased the formation of most C-DBPs, with the exception of 4-chlorophenol, dichloroacetonitrile, and dichloroacetamideChloroform and dichloroacetic acid increased with increasing pH, dichloroacetonitrile first increased and then decreased, and other DBPs had maximum yields at pH 7 or 8. The addition of ammonia significantly reduced the formation of most C-DBPs but increased 4-chlorophenol, dichloroacetonitrile, dichloroacetamide, and trichloroacetonitrile yields for short prechlorination contact times before dosing ammonia. When UV irradiation and chlorination were performed simultaneously, the concentrations of the relatively stable C-DBPs increased, and the concentrations of dichloroacetonitrile, dichloroacetamide, and 4-chlorophenol decreased with increasing UV dose. This information was used to develop a mechanistic model for the formation of intermediate DBPs and end products from the interaction of disinfectants with tyrosine.

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic metalloid adversely affecting the environment, human health, and crop productivity. The present study assessed the synergistic effects of salinity and As on photosynthetic attributes, stomatal regulations, and metabolomics responses of the xero-halophyte Salvadora persica to decipher the As-salinity cross-tolerance mechanisms and to identify the potential metabolites/metabolic pathways involved in cross-tolerance of As with salinity. Salinity and As stress-induced significant stomatal closure in S. persica suggests an adaptive response to decrease water loss through transpiration. NaCl supplementation improved the net photosynthetic rate (by +39%), stomatal conductance (by +190%), water use efficiency (by +55%), photochemical quenching (by +37%), and electron transfer rate (54%) under As stress as compared to solitary As treatment. Our results imply that both stomatal and non-stomatal factors account for a reduction in photosynthesis under high salinity and As stress conditions. A total of 64 metabolites were identified in S. persica under salinity and/or As stress, and up-regulation of various metabolites support early As-salinity stress tolerance in S. persica by improving antioxidative defense and ROS detoxification. The primary metabolites such as polyphenols (caffeic acid, catechin, gallic acid, coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, and cinnamic acid), amino acids (glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine), citrate cycle intermediates (malic acid, oxalic acid, and α-ketoglutaric acid), and most of the phytohormones accumulated at higher levels under combined treatment of As + NaCl compared to solitary treatment of As. Moreover, exogenous salinity increased glutamate, glycine, and cysteine, which may induce higher synthesis of GSH-PCs in S. persica. The metabolic pathways that were significantly affected in response to salinity and/or As include inositol phosphate metabolism, citrate cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. Our findings indicate that inflections of various metabolites and metabolic pathways facilitate S. persica to withstand and grow optimally even under high salinity and As conditions. Moreover, the addition of salt enhanced the arsenic tolerance proficiency of this halophyte.

Particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 2.5 μm or less in ambient air (PM2.5) has become a global public and environmental problem, and the control of the PM2.5 concentration in air is an urgent problem. PM2.5 can easily penetrate the skin, activating the inflammatory response in skin, unbalancing the skin barrier function, and inducing skin aging. Hyperpigmentation is the main manifestation of skin aging and has a considerable impact on quality of life worldwide. To date, no research on the influence of PM2.5 on hyperpigmentation has been conducted. Here, we illustrate that PM2.5 can induce melanogenesis in vivo and in vitro by regulating TYR, TYRP1, TYRP2, and MITF expression via AhR/MAPK signaling activation. Furthermore, PM2.5 increased α-MSH paracrine levels, which in turn promote hyperpigmentation. Our results provide a deeper understanding of how PM2.5 disrupts skin homeostasis and function. Treatment with AhR antagonists may be a potential therapeutic strategy for hyperpigmentation induced by PM2.5.

It is highly likely that the toxicity of water accommodated fractions (WAF) will influence marine microalgae, and consequently lead to potential risk for the marine ecological environment. However, it was often neglected whether WAF can influence the transformation of relative compounds in organisms. The metabolism of amino acids (AAs) can be used to track physiological changes in microalgae because amino acids are the basis of proteins and enzymes. In this study, using marine Chlorophyta Platymonas helgolandica as the test organism, the effects of different concentrations of WAF on AA compositions and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of individual AAs of Platymonas helgolandica were investigated. The results showed that the WAF of #180 fuel oil had an obvious suppressing effect on the growth and chlorophyll a content of microalgae. The growth inhibitory rate at 96 h was 80.66% at a WAF concentration of 0.50 mg L⁻¹ compared with the control. Furthermore, seven among the 16 AAs, including alanine, cysteine, proline, aspartic acid, lysine, histidine and tyrosine, had relatively high abundance. Under the glycolysis pathway, the cysteine abundance was higher than control, meaning that the biosynthesized pathway of alanine through cysteine as a precursor could be damaged. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) was an important synthesis precursor of alanine (leucine) and aromatic AA family (Phenylalanine and tyrosine), and played an important role in δ¹³CAAₛ fractionation under the WAF stress. Under the TCA pathway, to protect cell metabolism activities under WAF stress, the δ¹³C value of threonine and proline abundance in microalgae with the increase in WAF stress. Therefore, δ¹³CAAₛ fractionation can be used as a novel method for toxicity evaluation of WAF on future.

The properties of phosphate in lakes and their ability to cause eutrophication have been well studied; however, the effects of phosphate on the environmental behavior of other substances in lakes have been ignored. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals may coexist with phosphate in lakes. Herein, the mechanisms underlying the influence of phosphate on heavy metals complexation with DOM were investigated using multi-spectroscopic tools. Overall, the amount of DOM-bound Cu(Ⅱ) decreased with the increasing phosphate content. Furthermore, the fluorescence excitation and emission matrix results combined with parallel factor analysis showed that when the Cu(Ⅱ) concentration increased from 0 to 5 mg/L and 50 μM phosphate to the reaction of DOM and copper, the fluorescence intensity of tyrosine (component 1), humic-like (component 2) and tryptophan (component 3) decreased by 36.46%, 57.34%, and 74.70% compared with the treatment with no phosphate addition, respectively. This finding indicates that the binding of different fluorescent components to Cu(Ⅱ) was restricted by phosphate. Furthermore, different functional groups responded differently to Cu(Ⅱ) under different phosphate concentrations. The binding sequence of different functional groups under high concentration of phosphate (phenolic hydroxyl group＞amide (Ⅰ) ＞carbohydrates) was completely opposite to that with no phosphate. These results demonstrated that phosphate could restrict the binding affinity of heavy metals with different fluorescent substances or organic ligands of DOM, suggesting that the comigration of DOM-bound heavy metals in lakes is hindered by phosphate and the risk of heavy metal poisoning in aquatic organisms is therefore diminished.