[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU [TR2_IRSTEA]BELCA | This study reports on the occurrence and behaviour of six pesticides and one metabolite in a small stream draining a vineyard catchment. Base flow and flood events were monitored in order to assess the variability of pesticide concentrations according to the season and to evaluate the role of sampling frequency on the evaluation of fluxes estimates. Results showed that dissolved pesticide concentrations displayed a strong temporal and spatial variability. A large mobilisation of pesticides was observed during floods, with total dissolved pesticide fluxes per event ranging from 5.7*10-3 g/Ha to 0.34 g/Ha. These results highlight the major role of floods in the transport of pesticides in this small stream which contributed to more than 89% of the total load of diuron during August 2007. The evaluation of pesticide loads using different sampling strategies and method calculation, showed that grab sampling largely underestimated pesticide concentrations and fluxes transiting through the stream.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU | The purpose of this work is to assess the effectiveness of two grass covers (buffer zone and grass-covered inter-row), to reduce pesticide leaching, and subsequently to preserve groundwater quality. Lower amounts of pesticides leached through grass-cover soil columns (2.7e24.3% of the initial amount) than the bare soil columns (8.0e55.1%), in correspondence with their sorption coefficients. Diuron was recovered in higher amounts in leachates (8.9e32.2%) than tebuconazole (2.7e12.9%), in agreement with their sorption coefficients. However, despite having a sorption coefficient similar to that of diuron, more procymidone was recovered in the leachates (10.2e55.1%), probably due to its facilitated transport by dissolved organic matter. Thus even in this very permeable soil, higher organic matter contents associated with grass-cover reduce the amount of pesticide leaching and limit the risk of groundwater contamination by the pesticides. The results of diuron and tebuconazole transfer through undisturbed buffer zone soil columns are in agreement with field observations on the buffer zone.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU | International audience | Subsurface lateral flow in both texture-contrast soils and catchments with shallow bedrock is suspected to be a non-point source of contamination of watercourses by pesticides used in agriculture. As a case study, the north of the Beaujolais region (eastern France) provides a favorable environment for such contamination due to its agro-pedoclimatic conditions. Environments seen in the Beaujolais region include intense viticulture, permeable and shallow soils, steep hillslopes, and storms that occur during the periods of pesticide application. Watercourse contamination by pesticides has been widely observed in this region, and offsite pesticide transport by subsurface lateral flow is suspected to be involved in diffuse and chronic presence of pesticides in surface water. In order to confirm and quantify the potential role of such processes in pesticide transfer, an automated trench system has been designed. The trench was set up on a steep farmed hillslope in a texture-contrast soil. It was equipped with a tipping bucket flow meter and an automatic sampler to monitor pesticide concentrations in lateral flow at fine resolution, by means of a flow-dependent sampling strategy. Four pesticides currently used in vine growing were studied to provide a range of mobility properties: one insecticide (chlorpyrifos-methyl) and three fungicides (spiroxamine, tebuconazole, and dimethomorph). With this system, it was possible to study pesticide concentration dynamics in the subsurface lateral flow, generated by substantial rainfall events following pesticide applications. The experimental design ascertained to be a suitable method in which to monitor subsurface lateral flow and related transfer of pesticides.

Dans les bassins versants méditerranéens où les zones cultivées en vigne occupent une part importante de l'espace, les pratiques culturales sont un facteur important d'apparition de risques de pollution diffuse des eaux par les pesticides. Au cours de la thèse, une démarche de modélisation couplée pression-impact a été développée. La question de recherche a porté sur la prise en compte dans le modèle construit de la dynamique des variables d'état du milieu modifiées par les actions culturales. Deux variables ont été identifiées : l'infiltrabilité de la surface du sol et la concentration en matières actives au sol. A l'échelle du bassin versant, pour réaliser l'évaluation des impacts, on s'est appuyé sur l'utilisation du modèle hydrologique distribué MHYDAS qui permet de simuler les flux d'eau et de polluants selon différents scenarii de pratiques et climatiques. Pour représenter la répartition spatio-temporelle des opérations culturales sur chacune des parcelles du bassin versant, le modèle décisionnel DHIVINE a été construit. Il permet de simuler les itinéraires techniques des viticulteurs. Pour chaque exploitation du bassin versant, le modèle est basé sur une représentation de la conduite technique annuelle du vignoble sous forme de plans d'activités. Ces plans mettent en oeuvre des indicateurs d'états de l'agrosystème et prennent en compte les caractéristiques des ressources productives de l'exploitation ainsi que les arbitrages à réaliser entre opérations culturales et parcelles concurrentes. Des modèles biophysiques ont été développés pour simuler les indicateurs de la décision ainsi que l'impact des différentes pratiques sur les états de surface du sol qui conditionnent l'infiltrabilité du sol en surface. Une typologie fonctionnelle des états de surface basée sur leurs propriétés d'infiltrabilité du sol a été utilisée pour développer une démarche visant une modélisation continue dans le temps de l'infiltration. Elle intègre une modélisation parallèle de la dynamique des états de surface du sol nu et du développement de la couverture herbacée par les adventices. Un couplage des modèles a été réalisé sous la plate-forme OpenFLUID. La démarche adoptée ici permet de représenter les dynamiques différentes des variables d'état du milieu en fonction de différentes pratiques culturales et semble adaptée pour l'évaluation des impacts en terme de pollution de l'eau par les pesticides à l'échelle de bassins versants viticoles méditerranéens. | In Mediterranean catchments in which vineyards account for a major share of the area, cropping practices are an important factor with respect to increasing risks of diffuse pesticide pollution of water. This study was about developping an approach for pressure-impact modelling. The research question considered dynamics of agrosystem status variables modified by cropping actions. Two variables were identified : soil surface infiltrability and active material concentration on the soil. On a catchment scale, to assess impacts, we used the distributed hydrological model MHYDAS to simulate water and pollutant flows according to different cropping practice and climatic scenarios. To represent the spatiotemporal distribution of cropping operations on each plot, the decision model DHIVINE was built. It simulates vinegrowers's crop management sequences. For each farm in the catchment, the model is based on a representation of the vineyard annual technical management strategy in the form of activity plans. These plans involve agrosystem status indicators and take into account the characteristics of productive resources on the farm and arbitration between cultivation operations and competing plots. Biophysical models were developped to simulate decision indicators and impacts of cropping practices on soil surface characteristics which are drivers of soil surface infiltrability. A functional typology of soil surface states based on their soil infiltrabilty properties was used to develop an approach for temporally continuous modelling of infiltration. It was based on a parallel modelling of dynamics (i) of soil surface characteristics of bare soil and (ii) of weed cover development. Model coupling was realized with OpenFLUID platform. The approach developped herein allows simulating dynamics of agrosystem status variables as a function of cropping practices. It seems adapted for assessing hydrological impacts at the catchment scale in Mediterranean environments.