Pollutants like arsenic, chromium, or other toxic heavy metals have the most dreadful impact on humans or animals and also become a threat worldwide. Introducing these contaminants into the environment is not just due to the chemical industry but also coexists in combined form in underground rocks, contaminating groundwater during breakdown. Epidemics are now largely blamed on toxic pollution in many different nations worldwide. The issue has gotten worse in underdeveloped nations, where metal contamination of the groundwater affects more than a million people. Different techniques are used to remove toxic pollutants from water, but most are expensive and energy intensive. Adsorption is preferable for removing contaminants such as heavy metals or chemical dyes. As nanomaterials have been demonstrated to be more effective as nanocomposites, we used an adsorbent of nanomaterial to use the adsorption approach. These materials have become more well-liked because of their useful applications and improved characteristics. Magnetic synthesized nanocomposites have magnetic properties, which become beneficial for adsorption as it enhances adsorption capacity. The insertion of the plant or aggregate waste material for nanocomposite synthesis inhibits the growth of bacteria or other microorganisms, preventing the material from getting infected if it is in the environment. In this review paper, we have focused on the green synthesis of nanomaterials used for water treatment.

Nanoparticles are an important tool for new updations and advancements in diverse sectors. The inorganic metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have enormous research interest because of their great relevance in medicine, wastewater treatment, catalysis, biotechnology, and in the formation of energy storage devices. The NiO NPs can be synthesized using different physical and chemical methods and exploring all their possible applications. Green synthesis is the easy, safe, and effective nanoparticle synthesis route. Green metal and metal oxide nanoparticle syntheses provide the most affordable, convenient, and biocompatible approach for fabricating NiO NPs. This way is a good alternative to the conventional methods of synthesis. Green synthesis, being more constructive, is widely used in research and gives promising outcomes. This review highlighted the unique feature of the NiO nanoparticles. This paper brings forth the usage of green synthesis for synthesizing NiO nanoparticles. It also provides readers with a collective review of the recent development in the green synthesis of NiO NPs and their potential application in different fields.

Due to the ever-increasing water scarcity problem across the globe, the treatment of wastewater is an important public health and socio-economic issue. Treating wastewater through proper technology is vital to protect the ecosystem from unsafe and contaminated matter available in wastewater. Identification of suitable wastewater treatment technologies is a complex Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem since it includes many conflicting assessment criteria. The objective of the paper is to construct an integrated model using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) for evaluating wastewater treatment technologies (WWTTs). AHP is applied to calculate criteria weights, and the VIKOR method is applied to prioritize and select the best WWTTs. The proposed model is applied to selecting the best WWTT among four alternatives and seven criteria. It is found that the proposed model yields better results when compared with other MCDM solutions.

Unavoidably, the expansion of industry causes the release of numerous heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants into the environment. Due to these pollutants, the extremely toxic, highly carcinogenic chemicals provide a serious risk to people and aquatic life. Wastewater pollutants must be removed to safeguard the ecology. A huge specific surface area, multiple binding sites, a plethora of functional groups, variable pore size, and simplicity of surface modification are just a few advantages of porous materials. They are considered viable candidate materials for the efficient and selective removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions in a range of difficult circumstances due to their benefits. This work reviews the characteristics, methods of functionalization, and ways of modification of many novel porous materials in recent years. The use of these porous materials in the treatment of wastewater was examined. The development potential of porous materials is finally summed up.