Fluctuations of groundwater table (GWT) has great role in agriculture through assured supply of irrigation in industry and other fronts. As such, probability of possible GWT also plays an important role in terms of efficient usages of this valuable resource. An attempt has been made to find probability distributions taking seasonal (January, May, August and November for 2005 to 2013) information on GWT for the districts under five agro-climatic zones of West Bengal. The study reveals that 17 districts of West Bengal, India, can be categorised into 6 probability model groups: Weibul, Normal, Weibul (3P), Log Logistic (3P), Log Normal (3P) and Gamma (3P). These models can be used to ascertain the probability of occurrences of GWT in specific district. Cluster analysis, using GWT figures for various seasons over the period of study reveals that the districts could be grouped into four clusters, which in-turn may facilitate clusterwise strategy for restricting the depletion of GWT depth or maintenance of the same. These techniques can be used for intradistrict GWT analysis for efficient monitoring of GWT.

The Himalayan region has been known as water abundant region in the form of innumerable natural water resources such as springs, streams, rivulets, etc. However, off late owing to climatic and anthropogenic reasons the entire region is soon turning into a water-deficit region leading to serious handicaps in undertaking the basic economic activities, affecting the diversity of livelihood and the drinking water sector. The problem becomes more acute in the dry season or non-monsoonal season.There seems to be a research void in the sustainable water resource planning of the Himalayan states. The present work is an attempt to study this research void through grass-root level analysis of the villages in Mizoram. Twelve villages of the Phullen RD block of Aizawl district, Mizoram were studied to understand the water supply and problems associated with water availability in the rural areas of Mizoram. In the villages of Mizoram, particularly the villages of the study area, Tuikhur or village spring source (VSS) and piped water supply constitute the main lifeline of water supply. Other sources of water include rainwater harvested and water taken from the stream or river. The springs which were once perennial have become seasonal owing to lack of spring shed management. Rainwater harvesting, barring inconsequential villages, is meagrely existent in this region of abundant rainfall with almost 130 days of rainfall. In the absence of proper water resource planning, there is a huge deficit of water every month with the average requirement of the study area being 2,49,148 gallons per month with a supply of just 2,14,248 gallons per month. However, water surplus was also observed in villages having a proper water management system in the form of rainwater harvesting and spring shed management.

River water quality is an important indicator for identifying river changes and analyzing river health, and has an important impact on the ecological environment of the river basin. In this paper, the matter-element analysis method based on the coupling weight method is used to evaluate the water environment of the water quality measured data of Wenyu River in 2019, which provides a reference for water quality management and protection. Through the establishment of the object element to be evaluated, the classical domain, the section domain, the normalization of the evaluation standard, and the measured data, three representative indicators such as DO, NH3-N, and CODcr are selected as the object element to be evaluated. The standard value corresponding to the water quality standards of Grade I to V is the classic domain. The weight of river indicators is determined by the coupling of the ordinary objective weighting method and the multiple super-scale weighting method. After the weight is determined, the correlation degree is calculated and the matter-element analysis model for water quality evaluation is established. The results showed that the water quality of the Wenyu River in May 2019 was still mainly Grade V water, which was in line with the actual water quality situation. It shows that the method meets the feasibility and practicability in water quality evaluation and is relatively reliable.