The abundance of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products has led to their environmental release and therefore to concern about their impact on human health. The ingestion of AgNP-contaminated soil from urban sites is an important exposure pathway, especially for children. Given the limited information on oral bioaccessibility of soil Ag, we used a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) to evaluate the bioaccessibility of AgNPs and AgNO₃ from soil digestion. The AgNPs underwent several biochemical transformations, including their simultaneous dissolution and agglomeration in gastric fluid followed by the disintegration in the intestinal fluid of the agglomerates into NPs containing silver and chlorine. Therefore, Ag-containing soil exposed the intestine to nanoparticulate Ag in forms that were structurally different from the original forms. The bioaccessibility of AgNPs (0.5 ± 0.05%–10.9 ± 0.7%) was significantly lower than that of AgNO₃ (4.7 ± 0.6%–14.4 ± 0.1%), as a result of the lower adsorption of nanoparticles to soil residues during the digestive process. For the soils tested, the bioaccessibility of AgNPs increased with decreasing clay contents and lower pH. By identifying the soil properties that control AgNP bioaccessibility, a more efficient and accurate screening can be performed of soil types that pose the greatest health risk associated with AgNP exposure.

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers that influence sexual and reproductive development. Here, we investigated whether di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) affects macrophage polarization that are associated with tumor initiation and progression. No changes were observed in LPS- or ConA-stimulated in vitro spleen B or T cell proliferation for 48 h, respectively. In contrast, macrophage functions were inhibited in response to DEHP for 12 h as judged by LPS-induced H₂O₂ and NO production and zymosan A-mediated phagocytosis. When six weeks old male mice were pre-exposed to 4.0 mg/kg DEHP for 21 days before the injection of B16F10 melanoma cells and post-exposed to 4.0 mg/kg DEHP for 7 days, tumor nodule formation and the changes in tumor volume were higher than those in control group. Furthermore, when male mice were intraperitoneally pretreated with DEHP for 3 or 4 weeks and peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) or bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the expression of COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 was reduced in DEHP-pretreated cells as compared with that in LPS-stimulated control cells. While the production of nitric oxide (NO) for 18 h was reduced by LPS-stimulated PECs and M1-type BMDMs, IL-4 expression was enhanced in LPS-stimulated BMDMs. When BMDMs were incubated with IL-4 for 30 h, arginase 1 for M2-type macrophages was increased in transcriptional and translational level. Data implicate that macrophages were differentially polarized by DEHP treatment, which reduced M1-polarzation but enhanced M2-polarization. Taken together, these data demonstrate that DEHP could affect in vivo immune responses of macrophages, leading to the suppression of their tumor-preventing ability. This suggests that individuals at high risk for tumor incidence should avoid long-term exposure to various kind of phthalate including DEHP.

Studies have showed the increasing environmental and public health risks of toxic emissions from natural gas and oil mining, which have become even worse as fracking is becoming a dominant approach in current natural gas extraction. However, governments and communities often overlook the serious air pollutants from oil and gas mining, which are often quantified lower than the significant levels of adverse health effects. Therefore, we are facing a challenging dilemma: how could we clearly understand the potential risks of air toxics from natural gas and oil mining.This short study aims at the design and application of simple and robust methods to enhance and improve current understanding of the becoming worse toxic air emissions from natural gas and oil mining as fracking is becoming the major approach. Two simple ratios, the min-to-national-average and the max-to-national-average, are designed and applied to each type of air pollutants in a natural gas and oil mining region. The two ratios directly indicate how significantly high a type of air pollutant could be due to natural gas and oil mining by comparing it to the national average records, although it may not reach the significant risks of adverse health effects according to current risk screening methods. The min-to-national-average and the max-to-national-average ratios can be used as a direct and powerful method to describe the significance of air pollution by comparing it to the national average. The two ratios are easy to use for governments, stakeholders, and the public to pay enough attention on the air pollutants from natural gas and oil mining. The two ratios can also be thematically mapped at sampled sites for spatial monitoring, but spatial mitigation and analysis of environmental and health risks need other measurements of environmental and demographic characteristics across a natural gas and oil mining area.

The occurrence of five groups of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (total of ∼120 distinct chemicals) was investigated in senior care facilities in the United States and in Portugal. Indoor settled dust samples were collected from fourteen facilities, and the concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in these samples. Overall, OPEs, PAHs, and BFRs were the most abundant, and OCPs and PCBs were the least abundant SVOC groups in dust collected from both U.S. and Portuguese facilities. ∑OPE, ∑PAH, and ∑BFR concentrations were significantly higher in U.S. facilities than those in Portuguese facilities (P < 0.001), while ∑OCP and ∑PCB concentrations were not different between the two countries (P < 0.05). The samples were collected from three different microenvironments, including bedrooms, living rooms, and corridors. ∑OPE, ∑PAH, and ∑BFR concentrations were up to five times higher in corridors compared to bedrooms and living rooms. ∑OCP and ∑PCB concentrations were overall higher in bedrooms and in living rooms and lower in corridors.

Diclofenac (DCF) has been recognized as an emerging contaminant in aquatic environments. Though many studies have investigated the toxic effects of DCF in human and mammals, limited information is available for the responses of genes associated with detoxification metabolisms in non-target aquatic organisms such as fish. In the present study, a small benthic fish Mugilogobius abei, was chosen as the test organism and the effects of DCF on detoxification-related genes at transcriptional level in M. abei were investigated. Partial cDNAs of pregnane-X-receptor (pxr), cytochrome P450 3A (cyp 3a) and alpha-gst were cloned firstly. The responses of cyp 1a, cyp 3a, alpha-gst and p-gp genes and associated microRNAs expressions were measured under different concentrations of DCF exposure (0.5, 5, 50, 500 μg/L) for 24 h and 168 h. Induction of cyp 1a, cyp 3a, alpha-gst, p-gp and pxr mRNA expressions was observed under DCF exposure for different time. Positive concentration-response relationships between DCF concentrations and cyp 1a as well as alpha-gst mRNA expression were observed under DCF exposure for 24 h. The similar trend between pxr mRNA expression and cyp 3a gene expression suggested the role of pxr in regulation of its downstream detoxification genes involved in DCF detoxification in M. abei. The negative correlation between miR-27a and p-gp expression under DCF exposure for 24 h indicated the role of miRNA in post transcriptional regulation on detoxification-related genes mRNAs in M. abei exposed to DCF. Overall, DCF exposure, even at environmental levels, may interrupt the responses of the detoxification genes in M. abei, which may affect the response of the exposed organism to other pollutants. This work provides implications on the bio-monitoring and risk assessment of DCF in aquatic ecosystems by using of local native fish species.

Photocatalysis was recognised as a suitable process for the photoabatement of atmospheric pollutants. The photooxidation mechanism on TiO2 has been widely studied. However, recent studies demonstrated that the very often-assumed photooxidation intermediated by the hydroxyl radical cannot explain all the experimental observations. Indeed, this study contributes for a new understanding of NO photooxidation. First, the adsorption equilibrium isotherms of NO, NO2 and H2O on the photocatalyst, Aeroxide® P25 from Evonik Industries, were obtained. Also, the concentration of hydroxyl radicals was determined by photoluminescence. A comprehensive design of experiments was then followed; NO conversion and selectivity were obtained as a function of the relative humidity, irradiance, NO inlet concentration and residence time, following a response surface methodology (RSM). These results were then used to discuss the photooxidation mechanism of NO.

Substantial evidence has linked short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with increased cardiovascular mortality, however, the specific chemical constituent and emission source responsible for this effect remained largely unclear. A time series Poisson model was employed to quantify the association of cardiovascular mortality with two sets of shipping pollution emission: nickel (Ni), vanadium (V) (the indices of shipping emission) and estimated shipping emission using a source apportionment approach in Guangzhou, China in 2014. We observed that Ni, V, and estimated shipping emission in PM2.5 were associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, an inter-quartile range (IQR) increase in lag2 Ni was associated with 4.60% (95% CI: 0.14%, 9.26%) increase in overall cardiovascular mortality, and 13.35% (95% CI: 5.54%, 21.75%) increase in cerebrovascular mortality; each IQR increase of lag1 V was correlated with 6.01% (95% CI: 1.83%, 10.37%) increase in overall cardiovascular mortality, and 11.02% (95% CI: 3.15%, 19.49%) increase in cerebrovascular mortality; and each IQR increase in lag1 shipping emission was associated with 5.55% (95% CI: 0.78%, 10.54%) increase in overall cardiovascular mortality, and 10.39% (95% CI: 1.43%, 20.14%) increase in cerebrovascular mortality. The results remained robust to adjustment for PM2.5 mass and gaseous air pollutants. This study suggests that shipping emission is an important detrimental factor of cardiovascular mortality, and should be emphasized in air pollution control and management in order to protect the public health in Guangzhou, China.

Municipal solid wastes (MSW) can be composted to become an organic fertilizer. However, besides plant nutrients, it can also contain high concentration of some toxic metals than can pollute agricultural soils, contaminate food, animals and human being. A greenhouse experiment was carried out for two purposes: i) to evaluate the concentrations of cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc in four Brazilian MSW composts, and, ii) to know which is the best solution for extracting those metals in phytoavailable form from the composts. In order to evaluate the phytoavailability of metals, they were extracted with six chemical extractants: i) water, ii) 0.05 mol L⁻¹ Ca(NO₃)₂, iii) 0.1 mol L⁻¹ HCl, iv) 0.005 mol L⁻¹ DTPA at pH 7.3, v) 0.05 mol L⁻¹ CaCl₂ and vi) Mehlich 3 solution. In addition, lettuces were cultivated as a test plant in pots containing 1.8 kg of MSW compost as substrate. Fifty-six days later, lettuce plants were harvested. New lettuces were then planted for a second cycle, and then harvested after fifty-six days. Semi-total concentration of metals in composts and total in plants was also determined through an extraction with nitric-perchloric acid. Semi–total concentration of Cd and Pb exceeded the intervention limits from Brazil in the four studied composts, and lettuce plants were polluted by those two elements. Therefore, compost made of MSW must be characterized before being used for agricultural soils. Copper and nickel in phytoavailable were effectively extracted with the strongest chelating agents used, HCl and Mehlich 3, probably because most metal is bound to organic matter in the compost. Cadmium, chromium, lead and zinc were no efficiently extracted with any of the tested extractants.

Recent advances in research on algae inhibition by using low-cost straw proposed a possible mechanism that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the solar irradiation of straw-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) might contribute to cyanobacteria inhibition. However, this process is not clearly understood. Here, DOM from three types of straw (barley, rice, and wheat) and natural organic matter (NOM) isolates were investigated in terms of their photochemical properties and ROS generating abilities. Results demonstrated that the DOM derived from the aeration decomposition of barley straw (A-DOMbs) yielded the best formation efficiencies of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under solar-simulated irradiation in all organic matter samples. Correlation analysis implies that optical parameters and phenolic hydroxyl group contents can signify ROS generating abilities of different DOM solutions. Bioassay results show that A-DOMbs possesses the highest inhibition performance for M. aeruginosa in all DOM samples, much higher than those of NOM isolates. The addition of catalase greatly relieves the inhibition performance, making the loss of chlorophyll a content decreased from 37.14% to 7.83% in 2 h for A-DOMbs, which implies that for cyanobacteria growth inhibition, photochemically-produced H₂O₂ from SOM is far more important than singlet oxygen (¹O₂), •OH, and even SOM itself. Our results show that H₂O₂ photochemically generated from straw-derived DOM is able to result in rapid inhibition of M. aeruginosa in a relatively short period, furthering the understanding of complicated mechanisms of cyanobacteria inhibition by using low-cost straw in eutrophic waters.

We investigated the concentrations and temporal variability of organophospate esters (OPEs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor urban air in Stockholm, Sweden over one year (2014–2015) period. The median concentrations of the three target chemical groups (OPEs, HFRs, PBDEs) were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher in indoor air than outdoor urban air. OPEs were the most abundant target FRs with median concentrations in indoor (Σ10OPE = 340 000 pg/m3) and outdoor urban (Σ10OPEs = 3100 pg/m3) air, being 3 orders of magnitude greater than for HFRs in indoor (Σ15HFRs = 120 pg/m3) and outdoor urban (Σ15HFRs = 1.6 pg/m3) air. In indoor air, PBDE concentrations (Σ17PBDEs = 33 pg/m3) were lower than for the HFRs, but in outdoor urban air, concentrations (Σ17PBDEs = 1.1 pg/m3) were similar to HFRs. The most abundant OPEs in both the indoor and outdoor urban air were tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP), tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TDCIPP). TCIPP in indoor air was found in the highest concentrations and showed the greatest temporal variability, which ranged from 85 000 to 1 900 000 pg/m3 during the one-year sampling period. We speculate that activities in the building, e.g. floor cleaning, polishing, construction, introduction of new electronics and changes in ventilation rate could explain its variation. Some OPEs (TnBP, TCEP, TCIPP, TDCIPP and TPhP), HFRs/PBDEs (pentabromotoluene, 2, 3-dibromopropyl 2, 4, 6-tribromophenyl ether, hexabromobenzene, BDE-28, -47, and -99) in outdoor urban air showed seasonality, with increased concentrations during the warm period (p < 0.05, Pearson's r ranged from −0.45 to −0.91). The observed seasonality for OPEs was probably due to changes in primary emission, and those for the HFRs and PBDEs was likely due to re-volatilization from contaminated surfaces.