The magnitude and effects of biological activity in expanded carbon beds used for direct clarification/adsorption treatment of wastewater were investigated. Major aspects of the project involved comparisons of the relative effectiveness of aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the expanded-bed systems, and a comparison of the relative treatment effectiveness of expanded carbon beds of high and low sorptive activity under aerobic operating conditions. The use of short polishing columns to remove traces or organics escaping from on-line adsorbers was also evaluated.

Predictions of the complex annual cycle of temperature changes in a lake or reservoir are necessary if proper water quality control is to be achieved. Many lakes and reservoirs exhibit horizontal homogeneity and thus a time-dependent, one-dimensional model describing the temperature variation in the vertical direction is adequate. A discretized mathematical model was developed based on the absorption and transmission of solar radiation, convection due to surface cooling and advection due to inflows and outflows. The model contains provision for simultaneous or intermittent withdrawal from multi-level outlets and time of travel for inflows within the reservoir.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been recorded, interpreted, and published for organophosphorus pesticides, DDT and related compounds, and carbamate pesticides and some of their degradation products. A Varian HA-100 NMR spectrometer with a variable-temperature probe and a homonuclear spin decoupler was used to record the spectra of 114 compounds. Chemical shifts and coupling constants are shown for each spectrum. The chemical name and source of each pesticide are listed.

Deicing agents for removal of ice and snow from highways and streets are essential to wintertime road maintenance in most areas of the U.S. Due to the ever-increasing use of highway deicing materials, there has been growing concern as to environmental effects resulting from these practices. The state-of-the-art report critically reviews the available information on methods, equipment and materials used for snow and ice removal; chlorides found in rainfall and municipal sewage during the winter; salt runoff from streets and highways; deicing compounds found in surface streams, public water supplies, groundwater, farm ponds and lakes; special additives incorporated into deicing agents; vehicular corrosion and deterioration of highway structures and pavements; and effects on roadside soils, vegetation and trees. Highway deicing can cause injury and damage across a wide environmental spectrum. Recommendations describe future research, development and demonstration efforts necessary to assess and reduce the adverse impact of highway deicing.