Analytical method for the determination of six flame retardants (FRs) from two groups was proposed. These groups included the brominated flame retardants (BFRs) 3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA) and triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBPP), ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Reversed phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with a UV detector, different chromatographic columns, different mobile phases and gradient elution programmes were used to obtain the best separations within the shortest possible time. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was examined as a pre-concentration step from distilled water. The column with the highest recoveries (the Bond Elut ENV column gave recoveries over 70 % for all compounds) was then tested on 1-L blank surface water samples. The proposed analytical procedure was applied for the determination of FRs in surface water samples. The concentrations of FRs found in water samples ranged from 0.03 (TPhP) to 3.10 μg L⁻¹(HBCD). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.008 to 0.518 μg L⁻¹, and method quantification limits (MQLs) ranged from 0.023 to 1.555 μg L⁻¹for all compounds.

The simultaneous removal of phenol and ammonium using heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium Serratia sp. LJ-1 was investigated. The maximum removal rates of ammonium nitrogen and phenol were 1.08 ± 0.05 and 2.14 ± 0.08 mg L⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. The ammonium oxidation had much higher tolerance to phenol toxicity than that of the autotrophic nitrifying bacteria. The increase in phenol concentration led to an increase in ammonium oxidation rate under the phenol concentration of 600 mg L⁻¹. The increase in ammonium concentration caused an increase in phenol biodegradation rate under the ammonium nitrogen concentration of 150 mg L⁻¹. Maximum rates of phenol biodegradation and total nitrogen removal in the treatments with nitrification metabolite (nitrate or nitrite) as the sole nitrogen source were more than 30 % lower than those of the treatment with ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. Ammonium was removed through nitrification and subsequent aerobic denitrification while phenol was biodegraded through the ortho-cleavage pathway and subsequently mineralized. Since phenol often coexists with nitrogen pollutants, these findings have significant environmental implications in terms of the simultaneous removal of these contaminants.

In this study, zinc oxide was immobilized on magnetite nanoparticles by chemical method and it was used as an adsorbent to remove reactive black 5 (RB5) dye from aqueous solution. The removal efficiency of RB5 was studied as the function of adsorbent dosage, pH, initial RB5 concentration, H₂O₂, and ionic strength (sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulfate, and sodium chloride). Removal efficiency of RB5 by ZnO–Fe₃O₄ was greater than that by ZnO and Fe₃O₄ in similar conditions. Maximum adsorption of ZnO–Fe₃O₄ was obtained at neutral pH, and adsorption capacity was estimated to be 22.1 mg/g. Adsorption kinetic study revealed that the pseudo-second-order model better described the removal rate than the pseudo-first-order model. Adsorption isotherm was analyzed by both Langmuir and Freundlich equations, and results showed that it was better described by the Langmuir equation. The removal efficiency of RB5 was increased with increasing initial H₂O₂ concentrations from 2 to 5 mM but was decreased above 5 mM. The adsorption capacities of RB5 was increased in the presence of NaCl but was greatly decreased in the presence of bicarbonate, carbonate, and sulfate ion. Adsorption activity of RB5 by ZnO–Fe₃O₄ composite was maintained even after five successive cycles, suggesting a promising adsorbent for wastewater-contaminated organic dyes.

In this study, the potential effects of three modified industrial by-products—modified low-grade phosphate rock with soda dregs (MP), modified flue gasses desulfurization residue (MF), and a mixture of MF and phosphoric acid (MFP)—were evaluated in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated agricultural soil at four different treatment levels. The effects of the amendments on the extractability and phytoavailability of soil heavy metals were tested using a standardized sequential extraction test and a pakchoi pot experiment. The impacts of the three amendments on soil quality was investigated, including changes of soil pH, availability of K, Ca, Mg, Si and P, and the effects on pakchoi growth. The addition of these amendments resulted in a significant decrease of labile fraction of the heavy metals in soil (p < 0.05) and a marked decrease in heavy metal uptake by pakchoi (p < 0.05) in the pot experiment. All the amendments improved soil quality as measured by neutralization of soil acidity, increased content of mineral nutrients of soil (specifically, available K, Ca, Mg, Si, and/or P), and enhanced pakchoi growth when compared to the controls. Significant correlations (positive/negative) were observed among these factors, indicating multiple effects of the amendments on the remediation process. The increased soil pH and elevated mineral nutrients contributed to the stabilization of heavy metals, and the remediated soil conditions resulted in improved growth of pakchoi. These results suggest that all three of the modified industrial by-products could be used for the remediation and restoration of heavy metal-contaminated agricultural soil.

The remediation of dye-contaminated soil using silent discharge plasma in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was reported in this study. Acid scarlet GR was selected as the representative of azo dye pollutants. Effects of applied voltage, discharge frequency, and gas flow rate on Acid scarlet GR treatment effect which were characterized by degradation efficiency and the change of chemical oxygen demand (COD) during the degradation were investigated. The decolorization rate of Acid scarlet GR in the soil increased with the applied voltage and discharge frequency, and the optimal gas flow rate was obtained at 1.0 L min⁻¹. The energy efficiency was clearly enhanced by way of increasing the amount of contaminated soil in the DBD reactor finitely. The degradation efficiency of Acid scarlet GR and the removal of COD value were achieved 93 % and 74 % after 25-min discharge treatment, respectively. The results indicated that the DBD remediation system was able to degrade Acid scarlet GR in the soil quickly and efficiently. This study is expected to provide a possible pathway of Acid scarlet GR degradation in soil.

Mutual sorption interactions between heavy metals, humic acids and fungi were evaluated in this article. While the relative amount of sorbed As(V), Sb(III) and Pb(II) slightly decreased or remained unchanged, the sorption capacity of Zn(II) increased significantly with increasing amounts of immobilized humic acids in the Ca-alginate beads. Therefore, zinc is most likely preferentially sorbed to functional groups provided by humic acids rather than carboxyl or hydroxyl groups of alginate, with an optimum pH for uptake between 4 and 6. Nevertheless, the removal efficiency of metal(loid)s by unmodified Ca-alginate beads or those with humic acids modification was highest for Pb(II), at up to 93.5 %. The pH value also affects humic acids sorption properties on microbial surfaces. While the highest humic acids sorption capacity of mycelial pellets prepared from Aspergillus niger occurred at pH 8.5 (231 mg g⁻¹), the pelletized Aspergillus clavatus biomass was more effective in acidic solution and 199 mg g⁻¹was recorded there at pH 5.5. The effect of mutual interactions between humic acids and mycelial pellets on Zn(II) immobilization indicates that zinc affinity is higher for the fungal surface than for humic acids which do not supply sufficient active sorption sites for zinc. This resulted in less sorption capacity of the mycelial pellets modified with humic acids compared to the unmodified biomass.

The purpose of this research was to thoroughly analyze the influences of environmental factors on denitrification processes in urban riparian soils. Besides, the study was also carried out to identify whether the denitrification processes in urban riparian soils could control nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in urban areas. The denitrification rates (DR) over 1 year were measured using an acetylene inhibition technique during the incubation of intact soil cores from six urban riparian sites, which could be divided into three types according to their vegetation. The soil samples were analyzed to determine the soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), C/N ratio, extractable NO₃⁻-N and NH₄⁺-N, pH value, soil water content (SWC), and the soil nitrification potential to evaluate which of these factors determined the final outcome of denitrification. A nitrate amendment experiment further indicated that the riparian DR was responsive to added nitrate. Although the DRs were very low (0.099 ~ 33.23 ng N₂O-N g⁻¹ h⁻¹) due to the small amount of nitrogen moving into the urban riparian zone, the spatial and temporal patterns of denitrification differed significantly. The extractable NO₃⁻-N proved to be the dominant factor influencing the spatial distribution of denitrification, whereas the soil temperature was a determinant of the seasonal DR variation. The six riparian sites could also be divided into two types (a nitrate-abundant and a nitrate-stressed riparian system) according to the soil NO₃⁻-N concentration. The DR in nitrate-abundant riparian systems was significantly higher than that in the nitrate-stressed riparian systems. The DR in riparian zones that were covered with bushes and had adjacent cropland was higher than in grass-covered riparian sites. Furthermore, the riparian DR decreased with soil depth, which was mainly attributed to the concentrated nitrate in surface soils. The DR was not associated with the SOC, STN, C/N ratio, and pH. Nitrate supply and temperature finally decided the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of urban riparian denitrification. Considering both the low DR of existing riparian soils and the significance of nonpoint source nitrogen pollution, the substantial denitrification potential of urban riparian soils should be utilized to reduce nitrogen pollution using proper engineering measures that would collect the polluted urban rainfall runoff and make it flow through the riparian zones.

The annual atmospheric deposition rates of²¹⁰Po and²¹⁰Pb were determined in İzmir, Turkey. The samples were collected from 18 November 2008 to 17 November 2009. The annual²¹⁰Po deposition flux was determined as 44.1 ± 3.0 Bq m⁻² year⁻¹, while²¹⁰Pb flux was calculated as 73.1 ± 4.4 Bq m⁻² year⁻¹using bulk collectors. The monthly deposition fluxes of²¹⁰Po and²¹⁰Pb were correlated with the amount of precipitation. The activity concentrations of the samples were found to vary between 5.7 ± 1.1 and 167.1 ± 7.5 mBq L⁻¹, with an average value of 41.2 ± 1.9 mBq L⁻¹for²¹⁰Po; and between 5.3 ± 0.6 and 265.7 ± 10.8 mBq L⁻¹, with an average value of 67.3 ± 2.7 mBq L⁻¹for²¹⁰Pb. The activity ratios of²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb in the samples ranged from 0.16 to 3.39, with an average value of 0.80. During the course of the study,²¹⁰Po enhancement from both natural and anthropogenic sources was observed.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chloride ions (Cl⁻) on Cu²⁺adsorption to carbon nanotubes (CNT). The isotherms showed a significant decrease in adsorption capacity on F-400, pristine, and acid-functionalized CNT in the presence of Cl⁻, but had little effect on alcohol-functionalized CNT. Several inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyses measured the impurities concentration of (1) aqueous-phase isotherm solute, (2) as-received, and (3) acid-washed CNT solutions. Chemical-equilibrium-modeling software MINEQL⁺calculations were applied to compare ICP results to complexes formation. The model suggested that some solid-phase residual-catalytic metals, such as Cr²⁺, after released in water from as-received CNT, formed aqueous-phase complexes and were readsorbed. The 18-metal ICP results were more than two orders of magnitude lower (<4 μM/g-adsorbent) than the lowest isotherm Cu²⁺concentration (157 μM) without significant impact on the isotherm results. The reduced adsorptive capacity of acid-functionalized CNT was related to the mechanisms of water molecule displacement followed by deprotonation during Cu²⁺sorption in the CNT-surface hydration layer and its interaction with other species, generating different ion exchange forces. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and pore-distribution measurements defined bulk water structure within CNT bundles. Zeta-charge and pHpzc measurements compared as-received and hybrid-CNT indicating copper chemisorption. Functionalized CNT remained negatively charged above pH 2.7, suggesting consistent adsorptive capacity at pH > 5.1, when less Cu²⁺ions are present in solution. scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed impurities on as-received F-400 and positively charged surface at pH 5.1 (pHpzc 7.1) explaining possible electrostatic attraction of Cl⁻ions, blocking adsorptive sites, reducing its adsorptive capacity for Cu²⁺.

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) has been evaluated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as the substance with the highest global warming index. Because of its superior insulating and arc clearing capacities, it is commonly used as an insulator in electrical machines. SF₆waste products form in the process of storing, maintaining, and repairing the machines. SF₆emitted into the atmosphere remains for 3,200 years, causing global warming. Release into the mesosphere leads to photolysis and creation of highly toxic and corrosive by-products. A review of the literature related to the retrieval and separation of SF₆using a separating membrane indicates that research on the permeability of the separating membrane material is lacking. Additionally, research on the concentrations of the SF₆waste products and the separation/retrieval with operating conditions with optimal energy efficiency is only in the initial stages. Therefore, this research assessed the permeability of commercialized separation membranes polysulfone (PSf), polycarbonate (PC), and polyimide (PI) using the gases SF₆and N₂. Using an SF₆/N₂mixture with the same concentration as the SF₆waste products, we studied the separation and retrieval capacities of PSf, PC, and PI separation membranes under varying operating conditions. The permeability tests showed that the selective permeability of N₂/SF₆is highest for the PI membrane and lowest for the PC membrane. When the concentrations of SF₆retrieved from the mixture separation process were compared, the PC membrane was found to be the highest, with 95.6 % at 0.5 MPa. The retrieval percentage of SF₆was highest for PSf, with 97.8 % at an operating pressure of 0.3 MPa and a waste production of 150 cm³/min. The retrieval rates and retrieval failure rates have an inverse relationship. In total, 99 % of the supply of SF₆was identified via the retrieval rates and retrieval failure rates, so it could be confirmed that the separation of the SF₆/N₂mixture using a macromolecular hollow fiber separation membrane works properly.