In order to investigate the effects of canopy-dependent processes on throughfall chemistry, comparative studies on the chemical composition of throughfall were carried out in five characteristic forest types of the southeastern United States within Fort Benning Military Installation from January 2002 to August 2003. The concentrations and fluxes of and total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total phosphorus (TP) were determined in rainfall and throughfall. Seasonal variations in chemical fluxes were also evaluated. Throughfall concentrations of TOC, TKN, and TP in matured pine stand were higher than in rainfall and other forest stands. Throughfall nutrient concentrations in wetland were lowest as compared to rainfall as well as hardwood, mixed, plantation, and pine stands. The average TOC, TKN, and TP concentrations in the matured pine stand were 17.2, 0.74, and 0.057 mg/L, respectively. In wetland stands, average concentrations of TOC, TKN, and TP were 4.0, 0.54, and 0.034 mg/L, respectively. Hardwood stand had the lowest TKN concentration of 0.53 mg/L. Nutrient fluxes were generally higher during the dormant season (November–April) as compared to the growing season (May–October). The highest and lowest TOC fluxes during dormant season were contributed from pine stand (801.7 g/ha) and wetland stand (186.2 g/ha), respectively. Rainfall was the major contributor of TKN fluxes in growing season (32.3 g/ha) as well as in dormant season (34.1 g/ha). Similarly, highest TP flux was produced in mixed stand (2.7 g/ha) during the dormant season. Enrichment ratios of nutrients reveal that, in general, forest stands used up nutrients during growing season and washed off during the dormant season.

Sediment and porewater samples from an enclosed bay receiving stormwater discharge (Skutviken) near the centre of Luleå, northern Sweden were analysed for major and trace elements and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among the studied metals Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were enriched at Skutviken. Also, the PAH content was enriched, in particular for phenantrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene which are regarded as common constituents in stormwater. The use of trace metal ratios provided indications about pollutant sources for the sediment. Cs-137 dating was used to determine historical changes in metal and PAH fixation in the sediment. The bay Skutviken is enclosed through the construction of a road bank since 1962. The enclosure led to reduced water circulation in the bay that promotes the occurrence of anoxic conditions with sulphate reduction within the bay. As a consequence of these conditions, metals are trapped in the sediments as sulphides. This study suggests that enclosed bays with restricted water circulation may be efficient traps for urban pollutants, reducing the present-day input of pollutants to the sea. In areas with postglacial land uplift, where such bays are common, bay sediments are a potential future source of pollutants when uplift results in erosion and oxidation of the sediments.

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the broadly used antibiotics in domestic animal operations and have a notable potential of entering the environment through animal manure management practices. In this study, sulfamethazine (SMZ) was used as a prototype to study the sorption, fate, and transport of SAs in soil–water systems using batch and miscible-displacement experiments. Sulfamethazine was degraded to a polar metabolite (PM). The batch experiments indicated that the linear sorption partitioning coefficient (K d) values for the PM ranged from 7.5 to 206.2 L kg−1. Strong relationships between the sorption of PM and various soil fractions and organic matter were also observed. The miscible-displacement experiments showed that 33–70% of SMZ was degraded within 6 h during transport in the soil columns. Also, 69–99.7% of SMZ and PM were recovered in the effluents suggesting their high mobility. Also, the simultaneous degradation, sorption, and transport of SMZ and PM were described using a two-site chemical nonequilibrium fate and transport model, using the K d values obtained from the batch experiments. The parameters of this model were uniquely estimated using a global optimization strategy, the stochastic ranking evolutionary strategy.

Mixed microbial culture was isolated from heavy metal-contaminated ground soils located inside iron, vinyl and cement factory area. Isolated mixed microbial culture was used for the heavy metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺) removal process in horizontal rotating tubular bioreactor (HRTB). In this research, the effect of bioreactor process parameters on the bioprocess dynamics in the HRTB was studied. Results of this research have shown that profiles of heavy metals concentration were gradually reduced along HRTB at all combinations of bioreactor process parameters [inflow rates (0.5-2.0 L h⁻¹) and rotation speed (5-30 min⁻¹)]. Hydrodynamic conditions and biomass sorption capacity have main impact on the metal ions removal efficiency that was varied in the range of 38.1% to 95.5%. Notable pH gradient (cca 0.7 pH unit) along the HRTB was only observed at the inflow rate of 2.0 L h⁻¹. On the basis of obtained results, it is clear that medium inflow rate (F) has higher impact on the heavy metal removal process than bioreactor rotation speed (n) due to the fact that increase of inflow rate was related to the reduction of equilibrium time for all examined metal ions. Furthermore, equilibrium times for all metal ions are significantly shorter than medium residence times at all examined combinations of bioreactor process parameters. The main impact on the biofilm sorption capacity has covalent index of metal ions and biofilm volumetric density. The sorption capacity of suspended microbial biomass is closely related to its concentration. Results of this research have also shown that the removal of heavy metals ion can be successfully conducted in an HRTB as a one-step process.

Synthetic musks are used in many consumer products for their pleasant odor and their binding affinity for fabrics. In the early 1990s, polycyclic musks were reported to occur in air, water, sediment, wildlife, and humans from many European countries. Concentrations of polycyclic musks, particularly 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta-[γ]-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN), have been reported to increase over time in the environment. In this study, concentrations of musks in water, sediment, fish, and mussel were determined from three locations along the upper Hudson River. HHCB and AHTN were detected in water (n = 5; 3.95-25.8 and 5.09-22.8 ng/L, respectively), sediment (n = 3; 72.8-388 and 113-544 ng/g, dry weight), fish (n = 30; <1-125 and <1-32.8 ng/g, lipid weight), and zebra mussel (n = 4; 10.3-19.3 and 42.2-65.9 ng/g, lipid weight) samples. Bioaccumulation factors of HHCB calculated for white perch, catfish, smallmouth bass, and largemouth bass were in the range of 18 to 371, when the concentrations in fish were expressed on a wet weight basis; the factors were in the range of 261 to 12,900, when the concentrations in fish were expressed on a lipid weight basis.

In this paper, two Indian fly ashes (from Talcher and Ramagundam) were converted into zeolites and both the raw fly ash and zeolite were used to treat two British acidic mine waters. The results demonstrate that fly ash zeolites are more effective than raw fly ash for treatment of acid mine drainage. Fly ash has been found effective for removal of Pb, but with increased dosing, caused release of Ba, Cr, Sr (both fly ashes) plus Zn, Ni (Talcher), or Fe (Ramagundam) into mine water. In contrast, increased dosing with fly ash zeolite removed 100% Pb, 98.9% Cd, 98.8% Zn, 85.6% Cu, 82.8% Fe, 48.3% Ni, and 44.8% Ba from mine water. Fly ash is amorphous in nature and many metals attached on the surface of the ash particles are easily leached off when ash comes in contact with acidic mine water. However, fly ash zeolite is crystalline in nature and due to its high cation exchange properties, most of the metals present in acid mine water are retained in surface sites.

The influence of watershed land use on microzooplankton was examined. Six rivers and a shallow lake located in rural (agriculture, livestock) and urban areas were sampled during 4 weeks at low water, low temperatures and 3 weeks at high water, high temperatures. The major aim of this study was to analyze the composition, richness and abundance of the microzooplankton in relation to land use, taking into account nutrient concentration, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), conductivity, pH, transparency, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a. Redundancy analysis was used to assess microzooplankton response to environmental gradients. The composition and abundance can be considered good indicators of the land used and characteristic of the basin (broad range of conductivity water). The species composition show a gradient along the conductivity, pH and chlorophyll-a. Brachionus spp. were associated with saline waters on rural area and Keratella spp. (except Keratella tropica) were associated with urban water bodies. The microzooplankton abundance diminished by a factor of ten from the rivers in livestock–agriculture-dominated watersheds to those located in strictly urban areas. Urban rivers had low abundances of chlorophyll-a and microzooplankton despite the high concentration of nutrients. However, the effect of urbanization (mesotrophic/mesosaprobious state and lead presence) cannot be analyzed alone due to the potential effect of a filter-feeding invasive mollusk that colonizes the hard surfaces of harbor buildings and bridge pillars.

Pollution of water bodies with heavy metal ions is a major worldwide environmental problem. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism in which metallic ions are adsorbed and reduced to metallic nanoparticles onto plant materials using microwave radiation. In this research, we have fabricated metallic silver and lead nanoparticles from their corresponding ions using the aquatic plants Azolla filiculoides and Pistia stratiotes (since identical results are obtained for both plants, the emphasis will be on the Azolla) under microwave radiation. Our data show that metallic silver and metallic lead nanoparticles were completely removed from the polluted solution and were embedded in the A. filiculoides surface after 5 min of microwave reaction. It was also found that, for both metals, reduction of the metallic ions was accomplished by the plant matrix without the need of an external reducing agent. Most of the particles had a spherical shape within the 10–50 nm size range. Mass balance data clearly indicate that most of the silver particles were found on the surface of the plant and not in the clean water. Pectin and α-glucuronic acid did not reduce the silver or lead ions under microwave radiation. We therefore hypothesize that perhaps the proteins or sugar alcohols in the plant matrix were serving as the reducing agents. We believe that this technique in which adsorption and reduction are combined using microwave radiation can be applied for removing and recycling metallic ions from contaminated water and industrial wastewater.

This paper investigates the role of plants and sediment in removing nutrients from wastewater being treated in a representative integrated constructed wetland (ICW). It discusses the role of plants and sediment in removing nutrients from an ICW treating agricultural wastewater for more than 7 years. More nitrogen and phosphorus were stored in wetland soils and sediments than in plants. The first cell had the highest depth of sediment accumulation (45 cm). Over the 7-year operation period, the accretion rate was approximately 6.4 cm/year. With respect to maintenance, desludging of the first wetland cell of the ICW system appears to be necessary in 2011. An average of 10,000 m3 per year of wastewater entered the ICW. Approximately 74% (780 kg) of the phosphorus and 52% (5,175 kg) of the nitrogen that entered the wetland system was stored in the wetland soils and sediments. Plants stored a small fraction of nutrients compared to soils (<1% for both nitrogen and phosphorus). This study demonstrates that soils within a mature wetland system are an important and sustainable nutrient storage component.

This laboratory-scale study explored the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as an admixture to stabilize and solidify the waste sludge from a chrome-tanning process. Various ratios of RHA and tannery sludge were used, ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 by weight of the cement content, resulting in an experimental matrix of 16 runs. It was observed that although the compressive strength of solidified sludge improved at longer curing times, the increase was moderate after 7 days of curing. In addition, higher RHA and/or sludge ratios progressively reduced the strength of the samples. On the other hand, curing time had a positive effect on chromium leachability since the leaching concentration decreased considerably with an increase in curing time, up to 28 days. Furthermore, both the RHA and/or sludge content affected leachability, producing acceptable results, from a Thai regulatory perspective, at ratios of 0.50 or lower. Finally, the solidified sludge can be disposed of in a secure landfill and/or used as a construction material in a number of applications.