Toxic air pollution on city streets is a very important issue, as pollutants are associated with adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This study compared commuters' exposures to inhalable suspended particulate matter (PM) for different transportation modes in Xi'an City, China. Four commuting modes—private car, subway, bus and walking—were selected for the study. Commuter exposure concentrations to PM (PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0) were investigated in the following microenvironments: private cars under four ventilation modes, subway trains and station platforms, buses under two different ventilation modes, and pedestrians. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships between commuter PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 exposure concentrations under the different commuting modes. A mixed-effect linear model was used to identify the effects of different commuting modes on PM mass and number concentrations in these different traffic microenvironments. The results indicated that the concentration of particulate matter (PM) is significantly influenced by transportation mode as well as by vehicle ventilation systems. Among the four commuting modes, commuters were exposed to the lowest concentrations of PM10 (11.83 ± 7.60 μg m−3), PM2.5 (10.09 ± 6.63 μg m−3) and PM1.0 (9.52 ± 6.17 μg m−3) in a private car with air conditioning recirculation. In contrast, passengers waiting for a train on a subway station platform were exposed to the highest PM concentrations (244.99 ± 43.19 μg m−3). Size fractions of PM differed greatly across PM exposures with the ratio of fine particles to coarser particles (PM2.5/PM10) varying from 45 to 96%.

Highly saline brines from desalination plants expose seagrass communities to salt stress. We examined effects of raised salinity (46 and 54psu) compared with seawater controls (37psu) over 6weeks on the seagrass, Posidonia australis, growing in tanks with the aim of separating effects of salinity from other potentially deleterious components of brine and determining appropriate bioindicators. Plants survived exposures of 2–4weeks at 54psu, the maximum salinity of brine released from a nearby desalination plant. Salinity significantly reduced maximum quantum yield of PSII (chlorophyll a fluorescence emissions). Leaf water potential (Ψw) and osmotic potential (Ψπ) were more negative at increased salinity, while turgor pressure (Ψp) was unaffected. Leaf concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ decreased, whereas concentrations of sugars (mainly sucrose) and amino acids increased. We recommend leaf osmolarity, ion, sugar and amino acid concentrations as bioindicators for salinity effects, associated with brine released in desalination plant outfalls.

Understanding the mental constructs underlying people's social responses, decisions and behaviors is crucial to defining the governance challenges faced in dealing with marine anthropogenic litter. Using interactive governance theory, this study provides qualitative insights into how a small group of Arab-Israeli artisanal fishermen perceive marine litter and its impact (system to be governed) in the context of the socio-institutional structures (governing system) which manage waste and aim to protect the surrounding environment. It demonstrates that, until the relationships between local people and the various governing institutions are transformed, there is little hope for citizen cooperation in reducing marine litter long-term in the case-study site. More generally, underlying narratives and politics playing out at a local level need to be understood in order to identify which interventions are likely to be effective and which are not. An intervention checklist to assess the potential effectiveness of a marine litter intervention is proposed.

To evaluate biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) tracers from biogenic precursors, fine particles (PM2.5) were collected using filter-based high-volume samplers from spring-summer of 2015 in the central part of Shanghai, China. The results showed that the isoprene SOA tracers exhibited the highest levels (17.64 ± 9.75 ng m−3) and were always observed along with higher temperatures, which results in a higher tracer formation rate and isoprene emission strength. However, the isoprene SOA tracers showed a weak correlation with the relative humidity (p > 0.05). The isoprene SOA tracers showed remarkable correlations with the [H+] because of the enhanced formation of isoprene SOA in the acidic aerosols. On the basis of these results, 2-methylglyceric acid was determined to have weak correlations with other isoprene tracers, which indicated that it had different formation pathways from those of other isoprene SOA tracers. Cis-pinonic acid had negative correlations with other SOA tracers, indicating that it is the first product in the oxidation process. Furthermore, the isoprene-based tracers (SOCisoprene) were calculated to be 0.031–0.299 μg C m−3 (with an average of 0.114 ± 0.062 μg C m−3), which accounted for more than half of the biogenic SOA. The SOC estimation with SOA tracers (SOC tracer-based) averaged 0.155 ± 0.066 μg m−3, with a range from 0.049 to 0.309 μg m−3 during the sampling period, which amounted to 2.73% OC.

Long and short term effects of activated sewage sludge input on live benthic foraminiferal assemblages of the shallow shelf off Palmachim, Israel were examined at three stations along the eutrophic gradient. Over ten years from 2003 to 2012, foraminiferal abundance decreased dramatically by >50% in all stations. In 2012, new species were found near the discharge point, relative abundance of the dominant species decreased and in-sediment depth increased. In the remote stations the dominant species failed to bloom seasonally. Each year, dispersion of sludge was accompanied by intense current activity, aeration, and periodic local sediment transport, reintroducing species from nearby. Storm frequency was notably high in 2012. The decrease in numbers over time despite seasonal amelioration indicates that the constant OM input is a permanent source of environmental stress. Aside from this stress, natural variability, changes in Nile input, or a hidden impact of long-term climate change may play a role.

During two surveys in 2015 and 2016, sediments samples were collected along the Ombrone river (Maremma Regional Park, province of Grosseto, Italy), in particular at its mouth and in the marine area in front of it, in order to quantify, identify and categorize plastic items (macro, meso and micro-plastics and colour, material etc.) and evaluate their potential sources. The Albegna and Osa rivers were identified as external areas of comparison. The results of the analysis showed different situations, especially as regards fluvial inputs, in addition to evidencing local provisions of plastic material derived from agricultural activities. The microplastics values per kg of sediment and the prevailing type of items found largely varied between the investigated sites (45–1069items/kg dry sample).

South Durban basin of South Africa has witnessed tremendous urban, industrial expansion and mass tourism impacts exerting significant pressure over marine environments. 43 sediment samples from 7 different beaches (Bluff beach; Ansteys beach; Brighton beach; Cutting beach; Isipingo beach; Tiger Rocks beach; Amanzimtoti beach) were analyzed for acid leachable metals (ALMs) Fe, Mg, Mn, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg. The metal concentrations found in all the beaches were higher than the background reference values (avg. in μgg−1) for Cr (223–352), Cu (27.67–42.10), Mo (3.11–4.70), Ni (93–118), Co (45.52–52.44), Zn (31.26–57.01) and Hg (1.13–2.36) suggesting the influence of industrial effluents and harbor activities in this region. Calculated geochemical indexes revealed that extreme contamination of Cr and Hg in all the beach sediments and high Cr and Ni levels poses adverse biological effects.

Enrichment of reef environments with dissolved inorganic nutrients is considered a major threat to the survival of corals living in symbiosis with dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium sp.). We argue, however, that the direct negative effects on the symbiosis are not necessarily caused by the nutrient enrichment itself but by the phosphorus starvation of the algal symbionts that can be caused by skewed nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) ratios. We exposed corals to imbalanced N:P ratios in long-term experiments and found that the undersupply of phosphate severely disturbed the symbiosis, indicated by the loss of coral biomass, malfunctioning of algal photosynthesis and bleaching of the corals. In contrast, the corals tolerated an undersupply with nitrogen at high phosphate concentrations without negative effects on symbiont photosynthesis, suggesting a better adaptation to nitrogen limitation. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the signatures of ultrastructural biomarkers represent versatile tools for the classification of nutrient stress in symbiotic algae. Notably, high N:P ratios in the water were clearly identified by the accumulation of uric acid crystals.

Dissolved trace element concentrations (Ba, Fe, Mn, Si, Sr, and Zn) were investigated in the Haicheng River near to the Liaodong Bay in Northeast China during 2010. Dissolved Ba, Fe, Mn, and Sr showed significant spatial variation, whereas dissolved Fe, Mn, and Zn displayed seasonal variations. Conditions such as water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were found to have an important impact on redox reactions involving dissolved Ba, Fe, and Zn. Dissolved Fe and Mn concentrations were regulated by adsorption or desorption of Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides and the effects of organic carbon complexation on dissolved Ba and Sr were found to be significant. The sources of dissolved trace elements were found to be mainly from domestic sewage, industrial waste, agricultural surface runoff, and natural origin, with estimated seasonal and annual river fluxes established as important inputs of dissolved trace elements from the Haicheng River into the Liaodong Bay or Bohai Sea.

The sources and levels of endocrine disrupting compounds in Kuwait's coastal areas were investigated. Phthalates, alkylphenols and estrogens were measured in the inflows and outflows of three sewage treatment plants as well as in the seawater and sediments from the sewage impacted coastal areas. Phthalate levels in the inflow of the treatment plants ranged from 8.9 to 78.3μg/l; alkylphenols from 0.7 to 279ng/l and estrogens from 30 to 368ng/l. On average, the treatment plants removed about 80% of these compounds. The outflows, however, contained significant levels of all three classes of compounds. The seawater from the sewage impacted area also contained detectable levels of these compounds. Sediment samples from these locations contained elevated levels of phthalates (ranging from 2145 to 15,722μg/kg) and lower levels of alkylphenols (ranging from 2.49 to 15.14μg/kg) and estrogens (ranging from 4.1 to 214μg/kg, dry wt.).