Advanced applications of artificial intelligence and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques are used to monitor plant growth across their vegetation seasons using morphological parameters. This research presents novel measurements to determine the concentrations of elements such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in the mushroom “Agaricus bisporus” and in the surrounding soil and air. These data are spatially analyzed to contribute to long-term predictions of pollution index and future ecosystem risks. Pollution and element accumulation in the mushroom, soil, and surrounding air were monitored using data accompanied by a geographic map. Pollution was assessed by transforming the system and adopting a methodology that integrates traditional methods with artificial intelligence, aiming to address the challenges with greater efficiency and accuracy. Input parameters were used to develop models using artificial intelligence and statistical methods to detect metal accumulation, and monitor carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and seasonal changes. The response of plants to heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in soil and air and their impact on their growth and development, were analyzed. The techniques showed a significant reduction in the error rate when using fungi as an indicator to predict dietary heavy metal concentrations, as the accuracy of artificial intelligence was remarkable in estimating the concentration of elements and their transfer from soil to plant. The integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and GIS technologies enhances environmental management, as it provides the ability to monitor, predict, and provide sustainable assessments. This study provides insights to improve plant growth, reduce pollution, and support long-term food security at a lower cost and with greater accuracy in assessing environmental impacts.

Wastewater from several businesses that produce paints, steel, tannery products, dyes, and chrome-plated items contains hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. The main contributing factor to pollution concentrations in water bodies is the wastewater that tannery businesses dump, which includes organic pollutants and heavy metals, particularly Cr(VI). The harmful consequences of Cr(VI) on humans include eczema, allergies, ulceration, respiratory tract problems, lung cancer, as well as genotoxic and mutagenic effects. Using bacteria to biotransform hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium [(Cr(III)] is a practical strategy with proven viability in bioremediation. Following their isolation from the tannery industry’s raw effluent, bacterial strains were investigated biochemically and molecularly. Based on this study, it was concluded that the microorganisms resistant to Cr(VI) were Bacillus albus and Bacillus australimaris. In a two-chambered microbial fuel cell reactor, the isolated Cr(VI) resistant bacteria will be employed as electrogenic bacteria with SPEEK (Sulphonated polyether ether ketone) as PEM (proton exchange membrane), which can synergistically aid in the reduction of hexavalent chromium and green energy generation.

Efficient management of municipal solid waste is essential to fostering sustainable urban growth, especially in rapidly urbanizing countries such as India. This study conducts a comparative analysis of waste collection patterns in Mysuru and Tiruchirappalli, two major cities in India. The study specifically examines temporal shifts and seasonal variations. A study of daily waste collection data over six years indicates apparent differences among the cities. Mysuru has a greater average daily waste collection of 481.82 tons compared to Tiruchirappalli’s 445.68 tons. A two-sample t-test assuming unequal variances indicates that this difference is statistically significant with a p-value of 0.0423. However, a more thorough analysis of seasonal patterns uncovers significant deviations. Mysuru exhibits elevated waste generation during the dry summer and wet winter seasons, whereas Tiruchirappalli encounters a surge in waste generation during the wet summer and wet winter periods. The seasonal variations highlight the impact of climate-related factors and consumption habits on waste generation. This study offers valuable insights into the intricacies of urban waste management in India, highlighting the importance of customized strategies that consider both temporal and seasonal fluctuations to improve the sustainability and resilience of waste management systems in rapidly developing urban areas.

The study investigates the environmental impact of oil pollution in the vicinity of the Dora Refinery, with a particular focus on its effects on local flora. The research utilizes selected plant species such as Salvia rosmarinus, Eucalyptus globulus, Ficus nitida, Conocarpus lancifolius, Nerium, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Dodonaea viscosa as biological indicators to assess the extent of contamination and the plants’ adaptive responses to polluted conditions. Oil pollution is identified as a significant environmental issue in the Dora Refinery area, contributing to severe soil degradation and posing challenges to plant survival. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of these plant species to oil-contaminated soils, including growth performance, stress response mechanisms, and their potential role in environmental monitoring and land reclamation. The methodology involved selecting both polluted and non-polluted sites in proximity to the refinery. Soil samples were collected from these locations and used to cultivate the target plant species under controlled conditions. Growth rates were recorded, and several biomarkers associated with oil pollution exposure were analyzed. These included measurements of soil hydrocarbon content, chlorophyll concentration, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the accumulation of heavy metals and hydrocarbon pollutants in plant tissues. Results revealed that plants grown in polluted soils exhibited significantly reduced growth rates compared to those in uncontaminated environments. Notably, Salvia rosmarinus and Dodonaea viscosa demonstrated substantial accumulation of hydrocarbon pollutants, indicating their high sensitivity to contamination. In contrast, Eucalyptus globulus and Conocarpus lancifolius showed greater resilience, maintaining relatively stable growth and physiological parameters under stress. Polluted plants also exhibited clear signs of environmental stress, including decreased chlorophyll content and elevated antioxidant enzyme activity, reflecting their biochemical response to oxidative stress induced by pollutants. These findings suggest that the studied species vary in their tolerance to oil pollution, making them valuable bioindicators for environmental assessment. In conclusion, the physiological traits of these plant species significantly influence their susceptibility to oil pollutants. Their differential responses provide critical insights for environmental monitoring programs and offer promising avenues for the development of phytoremediation and land management strategies in oil-contaminated regions.

In developing countries, plastic packaging waste and the proliferation of cement plants have become real problems in terms of hygiene and public health. Common plastic packaging is produced by the petrochemical industry. It is (Ivory Coast) non-biodegradable and releases numerous toxic substances when heated or incinerated. In this study, building blocks were produced by incorporating waste plastic packaging (low-density polyethylene) as reinforcement in fired clay bricks. The incorporation into the raw clay matrix was carried out in proportions of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of plastic, corresponding respectively to brick types Bcp0, Bcp1, Bcp2, Bcp3, Bcp4 and Bcp5. The Bcp4 bricks showed optimal physical properties (water absorption rate, apparent porosity, density, and compressive strength). The introduction of 4% plastic waste into the clay increased the compressive strength, decreased the water absorption rate, and significantly reduced the apparent porosity. The influence of firing temperature (Tf ), firing time (tf ), and amount of mixing water (mwater) was investigated on Bcp0 and Bcp4 bricks. The better plastic incorporation for the operating parameters Tf = 200°C, mwater = 20 g, and tf =.6 h. The study shows that it is possible to have eco-efficient brick production with low energy consumption.

Iraq has been suffering from a continuing rise in surface air temperature, causing a general deterioration in ecosystems. Land-use climate sensitivity focuses on how changes in land cover (e.g., deforestation, urbanization, or agricultural expansion affect local or regional climate conditions, particularly surface temperatures. Using yearly data on built-up areas and air temperature over the period (1971-2022), this sensitivity is assessed based on alterations in built-up areas for three Iraqi cities-Basrah, Baghdad, and Mosul, as well as for the entire country of Iraq. The time series of the areal yearly averages for air temperatures was analyzed. Standardized Euclidean distance and linear regression models were used to assess the effect of built-up changes and temperature trends, respectively. The results revealed that the trend in Iraq has positively increased, with a value of 0.07°C/year. The results also illustrate that alterations in built-up areas have contributed to the increase in yearly temperature in Basrah and Baghdad, but not in Mosul, which seems to be more affected by global warming and land cover changes. Urbanization plays a significant role in shaping the social, economic, and environmental landscapes of Baghdad and Basrah.

The objective of this study is to develop a large-scale technology for phosphate wastewater management. Laundry activities are one of the largest producing phosphate contaminants by the use of detergent. Various contaminants, such as nutrients of phosphate, chemicals, and pathogens, can pollute the environment and endanger human health. The experiment was conducted by batch method by using water in a stationary or non-flowing state. The results showed that combining phytoremediation technology and monitoring the microalgae growth phase could reduce TSS, pH, BOD5, COD, and phosphate values in wastewater. The treatment in this study was to combine two species of microalgae. Studies have shown that the optimal pH for microalgae is in the range of 7.5. Providing moderate amounts of aeration and CO2 promoted algal growth. The decrease in phosphate levels was 27.86%, with the best phase observation at the fourth hour of exponential time. Water quality evaluation of BOD, COD, and TSS parameters had a decrease of 51.87%, 51.06%, and 52%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the combining of two species of microalgae in the exponential growth phase has been proven to affect and improve the quality of wastewater from laundry waste and meet the quality standards.

The discharge of textile effluents containing azo dyes is critical due to their persistence in wastewater and carcinogenic, mutagenic impacts on aquatic organisms. Considering the toxicity of azo dye, an effective remediation strategy should be applied before disposing into the environment. Among all the advanced techniques like electrochemical degradation, Fenton oxidation, photocatalysis, ozonation, etc., biodegradation using biocatalysts is an eco-friendly and economic process to deal with this problem. Along with advantages, biocatalysts, particularly enzymes, face limitations like instability, single-use restriction, and reduced efficiency under operational conditions. Immobilization addresses these challenges by enhancing enzyme stability, reusability, and catalytic performance. The present study focuses on the development of an efficient bioremediation approach for the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solutions using peroxidase (HGP) extracted from germinated Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram) seedlings. The enzyme was immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol–chitosan beads through epichlorohydrin-mediated crosslinking, enabling its application as a reusable biocatalyst for dye degradation. The immobilization method achieved high efficiency with 96% enzyme retention. The immobilized peroxidase exhibited enhanced stability and was evaluated for its efficacy in degrading Congo red dye. Under optimized conditions, 26 units of immobilized peroxidase achieved complete decolorization (100%) of a 160 mg.L-1 Congo red solution within 10 minutes at 28°C and pH 4. Environmental safety of the degradation products was confirmed through phytotoxicity and microbial growth assessments. Additionally, the immobilized enzyme retained its catalytic activity across eight successive cycles, underscoring its reusability and potential for practical applications in bioremediation of dye-contaminated wastewater. A newly developed biocatalyst demonstrates a simple method of preparation, environmental benignity, biocompatibility, high efficiency, enhanced stability, and facile recyclability.

Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, but this source is frequently contaminated by heavy metals such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) due to contact with metallic minerals in the soil. This contamination not only causes discoloration and the formation of scale that damages pipes but also poses serious health risks, including neurological disorders and even cancer, if consumed over a long period. Some water treatments, such as aeration and filtration, are capable of removing Fe and Mn concentrations in groundwater. This study aims to solve this problem by testing the effectiveness of a combination of venturi aeration and zeolite filtration in reducing each Fe and Mn concentration in groundwater. Variations were made to the venturi aerator’s air hole size with diameters of 12 mm, 10 mm, and 8 mm. During the aeration and filtration process, sampling was conducted at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min. The highest removal Fe and Mn concentration occurred at the 8 mm diameter variation, with a Fe removal efficiency of 97% and an Mn removal efficiency54% during the aeration process. After that, Mn reduction is up to 99% during the filtration process