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Sulfate adsorption-desorption in a Swedish forest soil
1998
Gobran, G.R. (Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (Sweden). Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research) | Selim, H.M. | Hultberg, H. | Andersson, I.
Arsenic in human and cow's milk: a reflection of environmental pollution
1998
Ulman, C. (Dokuz Eyluel Ueniv., Izmir (Turkey). Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Biochemistry) | Gezer, S. | Anal, O. | Toere, I.R. | Kirca, U.
Absorption of heavy metals in wild berries and edible mushrooms in an area affected by smelter emissions
1998
Barcan, V.S. (Lapland Biospheric Reserve Zeleny, Monchegorsk (Russian Federation)) | Kovnatsky, E.F. | Smetannikova, M.S.
Element concentrations in Scots pine needles on radial transects across a subarctic area
1998
Rautio, P. (Oulu Univ. (Finland). Dept. of Biology) | Huttunen, S. | Lamppu, J.
Soluble carbohydrates and secondary phytochemicals in Betula as affected by SO(2)-pollution
1998
Lavola, A. (Joensuu Univ. (Finland). Dept. of Biology)
Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching from fertilizer applied on golf course: lysimeter study
1998
Wong, J.W.C. (Hong Kong Baptist Univ., Kowloon (Hong Kong). Dept. of Biology) | Chan, C.W.Y. | Cheung, K.C.
Evaluation of tobacco cultivars as bioindicators and biomonitors of ozone phytotoxical levels in Catalonia
1998
Ribas, A. (Barcelona Autonoma Univ., Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain). Centre de Recerca Ecologica i Aplicacions Forestals) | Filella, I. | Gimeno, B.S. | Penuelas, J.
Effect of soil oxidants KNO(3), MnO(2), and air on methane production in flooded rice soil suspension
1998
Jugsujinda, A. (Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA (USA). Wetland Biogeochemistry Inst. and Nuclear Science Center) | Lindau, C.W. | Delaune, R.D. | Patrick, W.H.
Crown condition and nutrient status of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in West Virginia
1998
Audley, D.E. (Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (USA). Dept. of Plant Pathology) | Skelly, J.M. | McCormick, L.H. | Jackson, W.A.
Risk assessment of conventional crop plants in analogy to transgenic plants
1998
Torgersen, Helge | Soja, Gerhard | Janssen, Ines | Gaugitsch, Helmut
The risk assessment of genetically-modified plants pursuant to Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC assumes that it is possible to infer the environmental impacts of a crop plant from its characteristics, so most of Annex II should also be applicable to conventional plants. To test this, we surveyed reports on the ecological impacts of the cultivation of non-transgenic crop plants with novel or improved traits and, in three cases, investigated whether Annex II B would have been adequate to indicate the effects. Such an assessment appears to be feasible only if the time frame on which it is based is short, so that long-term effects cannot be assessed. Secondly, the plant must be genetically homogenous which is not always granted, e.g. with forest-trees. Thirdly, the cultivation area must be defined. Differences in the behaviour of foreign plants between their original and cultivation habitats may be ecologically relevant and should be assessed. In the (few) cases where direct inference of the observed effects was possible from inherent traits, these effects often correlated with poor adaptation to local environmental conditions. The ecological impacts of traits that had been introduced in order to overcome poor adaptation may differ widely according to the way in which the traits are exploited. In practice, the effects of agricultural measures are more important than the effects of gene transfer and invasiveness, although the latter currently play a major role in risk assessment. In the light of these deliberations, a modification of Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC is suggested.
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