Input-output budgets for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) are summarized for 24 small watersheds at 15 locations in the northeasternUnited States. The study watersheds are completely forested, free of recent physical disturbances, and span a geographical region bounded by West Virginia on the south and west, and Maine on the north and east. Total N budgets are not presented; however, fluxes of inorganic N in precipitation and streamwater dominate inputs and outputs of N at these watersheds. The range in inputs of DIN in wet-only precipitation from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) sites was 2.7 to 8.1 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean = 6.4 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; median = 7.0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Outputs of DIN in streamwater ranged from 0.1 to 5.7 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean = 2.0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; median = 1.7 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Precipitation inputs of DIN exceeded outputs in streamwater at all watersheds, with net retention of DIN ranging from 1.2 to 7.3 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean = 4.4 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; median = 4.6 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Outputs of DIN in streamwater were predominantly NO₃-N (mean = 89%; median = 94%). Wet deposition of DIN was not significantly related to DIN outputs in streamwater for these watersheds. Watershed characteristics such as hydrology, vegetation type, and land-use history affect DIN losses and may mask any relationship between inputs and outputs. Consequently, these factors need to be included in the development of indices and simulation models for predicting 'nitrogen saturation' and other ecological processes.

The effect of selected nutrient amendments and temperature on the biodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) within a soil biopile was studied on a laboratory scale. This was accomplished by monitoring microbial populations, the concentration of PCP and the release of inorganic chloride ions in the contaminated soil. It was found that temperatures of 10, 15 and 20 °C had no significant effect on microbial populations and the percentage of PCP remaining in the soil. However, the nutrient amendments did have a significant effect on the parameters measured. The dairy manure, ammonium nitrate fertilizer and control treatments all experienced some fluctuations in the amount of PCP remaining in the soil over the incubation period and may have been due to the release of initially unextractable bound residues. PCP decreased by 76% in the municipal solid waste compost amended soil, while the concentration of inorganic chloride ions increased. The municipal solid waste compost treatment had significantly higher bacterial and fungal populations. Based on the results of this study municipal solid waste compost may be used as an effective supplemental nutrient amendment for the degradation of PCP in soil biopiles.

Soil solution chemistry is a powerful tool for studying many aspects of soil science. Among several isolation techniques, centrifugation appears most promising as a method of extracting the soil solution in the laboratory. However, some operational conditions must be defined. The present work reports the influence of sample storage on the observed composition of the soil solution of two Brazilian soils submitted to different managements. Since metal speciation in soil solution significantly influences metal bioavailability, a second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of storage on Fe, Al, and Mn speciation by size exclusion chromatography (HPLC-SEC). The results showed that the effects of soil handling prior to solution extraction had a significant effect on soil solution composition, mainly when the sample was dried and rewetted. Only the samples that were kept refrigerated (4 °C) for 15 days led to results comparable to those obtained from fresh soils. However, considering the patterns of the UV detection chromatograms and metal distribution, only field moist samples should be used in studies related to Al, Mn, and Fe speciation in the studied soils.

Eighty soil cores were collected from a residential area adjacent to an automobile battery manufacturing facility to determine the level and variability of lead concentrations in the soil. Results of ICP-MS on HNO₃ digestions showed lead concentrations in the residential soil as high as 2760 mg kg⁻¹. High variability of lead concentrations of two to three times over short distances, less than a meter, indicated the necessity of remediating the entire soil area based on a clean-up level of 400 mg kg⁻¹. To delineate areas of soil requiring no remediation at a high level of confidence would have required a more extensive soil sampling survey. High lead concentrations in the residential soil to a depth of approximately 15 cm indicated remediationof residential soil to at least this depth may be necessary. Overall, the high variability of lead concentrations in the residential soil was consistent with a soil having been disturbed by residential activity and illustrated the difficulty in using a single sample per residentialyard for making correct remediation decisions.

This study investigated the intrinsic perchlorate (ClO₄ ⁻)degradation kinetics of sediments and soils from multiple sites in microcosm studies, including the influence of varying nitrate concentration (NO₃ ⁻-N from 1 to 22.8 ppm) and up to 300 ppm sulfate. The first-order degradation rates and lag times of both ClO₄ ⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ degradation were site-specific and dependent on environmental conditions such as organic substrate availability, nitrate, initial ClO₄ ⁻ concentration, and prior ClO₄ ⁻ exposure. At an initial ClO₄ ⁻ concentration of 5 ppm, ClO₄ ⁻ degradation rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.46 day⁻¹, and lag times of ClO₄ ⁻ degradation ranged from 0 to 60.0 days; while NO₃ ⁻ degradation occurred at rates ranging from 0.03 to 1.42 day⁻¹, with lag times ranging from 0 to 29.7 days. Under the same treatment conditions, NO₃ ⁻ degradation rates were relatively higher than that of ClO₄ ⁻. Perchlorate degradation rates remained constant at both lower (0.5 ppm) and higher (5 ppm) ClO₄ ⁻ concentrations. Generally, ClO₄ ⁻ rates were affected by the availability of organic substrate, which was represented here by Total Volatile Solids (TVS) of sediments and soils, and not by NO₃ ⁻. Nitrate did increase the lag time of ClO₄ ⁻ degradation, which may account for the persistence of ClO₄ ⁻ in the environment, especially when ClO₄ ⁻ is typically ppb levels in the environment compared to ppm levels of NO₃ ⁻. This study showed rapid intrinsic ClO₄ ⁻ degradation in sediments and soils of contaminated sites, and highlighted the potential for natural attenuation of ClO₄ ⁻ in the environment.

1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) is a recalcitrant organic compound that is difficult to remove from contaminated soil due to its low solubility. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of both cosolvents and surfactants in enhancing the solubility of p,p′-DDT from a soil that has been contaminated with DDT for nearly 40 yr. The presence of selected surfactants removed less than 1 to 11% of p,p′-DDT compared to cosolvents, which removed less than 1 to 77% of p,p′-DDT from the same soil. The low solubility of p,p′-DDT in the presence of surfactants was attributed to the decreased surfactant concentration to below critical micelle concentrationfollowing sorption by soil surfaces. Enhanced solubility of p,p′-DDT was achieved with the use of cosolvents that releasedup to 77% of p,p′-DDT from a contaminated soil. Increasing the solution concentration and hydrophobicity of the cosolvent increased the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed. For example, the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed increased in the order 5% 1-propanol << 50% ethanol << 50% 1-propanol. Repeated washing of the soil with various cosolvents, in all but two cases, markedly increased the total amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed from the soil. For example, repeated washing of the soil with 50% ethanol increased the amount of p,p′-DDT removed by 42% while repeated washings of the soil with 50% 1-propanol had little effect on the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed. Increasing the soil-solution ratio from 1:2 to 1:10 in the presence of 40% 1-propanol increased the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed by 100%; suggesting that the soil-solution ratio was an important parameterin controlling the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed.

Soil remediation has been studied after a spill from a settling pond of a pyrite mine in Aznalcóllar (SW Spain). The affected area was approximately 55 km² and extended about 40 km from the spill. The Pb concentration in soils ranged from 35.8 to 3231.0 mg kg⁻¹, with a mean value of 385.8 mg kg⁻¹. The remediation techniques investigated included: manual and mechanical removal of the contaminated soil, mixing the upper part of the soils by ploughing, and addition of different amendment materials to reduce the Pb solubility, such as carbonates, zeolites, iron-rich soils, bentonites and yeasts. A combination of liming with iron-rich soils proved the most effective treatment.

Nutrient-rich, highly acidic leachate draining from a coastalphosphogypsum storage site located at a phosphate fertilizer manufacturing company posed potentially harmful environmental effects to the coastal ecosystem. This study evaluated the chemical characteristics of the phosphogypsum and the hydrogeological characteristics of the surroundings. Hydraulic and chemical properties of the leachate draining from the site were also evaluated. The leachate is nutrient-rich and very acidic and discharges into the sea. The leachate and seawater are hydraulically connected through highly-permeable riprap placed at the toe of the stack. The chemical quality of the leachate and its drainage rate showed large variations depending on the location of the well, indicating heterogeneous hydraulic conditions. A vertical barrier system consisting of horizontal drainage wells and vertical leachate-collecting wells is suggested, in order to contain and collect the leachate. A back-up system of soil-bentonite cut-off walls is suggested to control leachate discharge to the sea.