The reduction of oily sludge and scum with high water content by hot washing and analysis of the main factors that affect the reduction and oil recovery rate of oily sludge and scum in hot washing were investigated. Best process conditions for the reduction of tank bottom sludge, refining sludge, and oily scum were carried out, which can make the oil recovery rate and reduction rate of tank bottom sludge after reduction reach 96.30% and 93.00%, respectively, the oil recovery rate and reduction rate of refining sludge after reduction reach 95.36% and 92.60% respectively, and the oil recovery rate and reduction rate of oily scum after reduction reach 95.92% and 93.60% respectively. After treatment, the oil content of the residue is reduced to below 5.1%, and the water content is reduced to below 59.0%. Oil content in the separated water is lower than 200 mg.L-1, and the water content in the separated oil is lower than 0.2%, far below the requirement of 0.5% in the oilfield’s crude oil gathering and transportation standard.

Hospital waste is a burning issue that severely impacts public health. This study in three big hospitals in Lahan and Rajbiraj, Nepal, for one year (2019 March-2020 February) aims to analyze some parameters that directly help waste management properly. Field study, questionnaire, and interview methods were followed. The average moisture content of wastes of all three hospitals was 55.79%. There was no variance in the three hospitals’ moisture content values of wastes (F = 1.89 P-value = 0.165 F crit = 3.284917651). The average temperature of dumped waste was 23.23°C, and the temperature of all three hospitals was closely associated (F = 0.998, P-value 0.379, Fcrit = 3.28). The average pH value of wastes from the three hospitals was 4.44, and it from all three sites was strongly associated (F = 0.0668, P-value 0.935, Fcrit = 3.284). There was no relation between income and types of waste production (ꭕ2 = 0.8, df = 4, significance level = 0.05), but there was a high association between the level of income and amount of waste production. There was a high association between the nature of hospitals and types and the amount of waste (ꭕ2 = 77.09, df = 4, Significance level = 0.05). In Sagarmatha Choudhary eye hospital Lahan, there was no significant correlation between the number of patients and the amount of waste (Correlation = -0.187889 at 0.05% significance level). Unique Hospital Rajbiraj showed a correlation between the number of patients and the amount of waste (correlation = 0.1183 at 0.05% significance level). In Gajendra Narayan Singh Hospital, there was a correlation between the number of patients and the amount of waste (Correlation = 0.3453, at 0.05% significance level). There was no association between the qualification of respondents and their responsibilities regarding the services provided by hospitals (ꭕ2 = 1.43, df = 6, Significance level = 0.05). It is recommended for better management and installment of modern technologies for waste management.

Globally organic wastes are generated from fruits, vegetables, and their peels. It is mostly decomposed in landfills or by composting methods. Food processing industries, vegetable markets, and restaurants produce a huge amount of organic waste daily, generally disposed of in the environment or composted. Producing an eco-enzyme from organic kitchen waste was an innovative solution for domestic waste pollution. It is an enzyme solution obtained from an organic waste substance that contains organic acids, enzymes, and mineral salts. It is produced by performing a simple batch fermentation that involves a mixture of brown sugar, fruit or vegetable waste, and water in the ratio of 1:3:10. Two types of the eco-enzyme were produced by a fermentation process using vegetable and fruit peels for about 90 days involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ultimate liquid or enzyme obtained was brown. Eco-enzyme 1 from (Cucurbita maxima) contained hydrolytic enzymes like amylase and lipase. The microbial diversity was observed, and bacteria like Yersinia sp., Bacillus sp., and fungi like Trichoderma sp. and Penicillium sp. No enzymes and microorganisms were observed in Eco-enzyme 2 (Citron). Eco-enzyme 1 with 50% dilution effectively reduced various parameters like BOD, COD, TDS, Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonium in the effluent. Also, it promoted plant growth within 10 days compared to the control. Therefore, the present study outlines how the eco-enzyme could be used to treat industrial effluent cost-effectively and environmentally friendly.

Ozone is a hazardous gas for the environment and negatively affects plant and human health. These days, phytoextracts are commonly used as a source of bioactive compounds for reducing the detrimental environmental effects on plants. In the presented study, soybean cultivar JS-335 was used to assess the protective role of synthetic ascorbic acid (SAA) and orange juice (25% orange juice, enriched ascorbic acid) under ozone stress conditions. The results showed that under ozone stress, soybean cultivar JS-335 reduced growth and biomass and negatively affected the biochemical properties of plants due to these changes, finally causing yield losses. Foliar-applied OJ >and SAA improved plant growth and development and increased crop yield. It was discovered that a 25% OJ coupled with ascorbic acid and other essential nutrients and biomolecules was almost as effective as a 100 ppm SAA in reducing the harmful effects of ozone stress on soybean plants. As a result, it was determined that OJ, a less expensive source of ascorbic acid, can improve ozone resistance in plants in ozone-prone areas.

Using granular form application in the pisciponic system, this study investigates the effects of supplementation in the pisciponic system on plant growth performance. This study was conducted at the Aquaculture Experimental Station in Puchong, Selangor. The experiment was set up in a greenhouse with a plastic liner at the bottom. The coated fertilizers were immersed in 500 mL of distilled water in the beakers. The immersion times were analyzed for each 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, and 72 hours. Insoluble solids and water were then filtered using filter paper and dried in the oven, followed by the drying process to obtain a constant weight before being put in the desiccators. During the release test, the distilled water was taken at every 48-hour interval, and the concentration of nutrients was determined from the atomic absorption spectrometer. The findings indicate that the weights of release fertilizers, specifically Zn and Fe, significantly decreased over time. At the lowest concentration, the coated zinc and iron weights decreased as time increased. Referring to the curve results, the Zn fertilizer started drastically decreasing its weight at hour 24, which decreased approximately to 0.002 for every subsequent hour. Meanwhile, Fe fertilizer decreased drastically at hour 66, where the weight dropped from 0.10467 to 0.039. However, the final weights for both fertilizers at hour 72 were about the same.

In most of the research works, similar metal electrodes were used, resulting in high operating costs, and the reuse of the treated water was not explored. The major goal of this research is to lower the cost of the electrocoagulation (EC) process by employing electrodes made of different metals and to investigate whether it is possible to reuse the water that has been treated by doing so. It was done to optimize the operational parameters such as pH, voltage, time, electrolyte, and dye concentrations. The energy and electrode consumption was calculated as 0.29 kWh.m-3 and 3.5×10-2 kg.m-3, respectively. The HPLC and LC-MS studies shows the degradation of dye and the formation of intermediary compounds, which were less toxic. The sludge obtained from the EC process was subjected to EDX and XPS analysis to know the composition of metals and the formation of metal hydroxide coagulants. The phytotoxicity of the treated water after EC was examined using Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds. The results showed an utmost color removal efficiency (CRE%) and COD removal of 99.78% and 92.86% with an operating cost of US$ 0.028, which is comparatively 98.12% lower than the other conventional electrodes. The treated toxicity test of water was comparable to the toxicity test of tap water.

Fluorides are emitted in both gaseous and particle forms in the industrial sector. However, studies usually only report total fluoride content. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the particulate, gaseous fluoride and correlate it with the respirable dust particles in Single Super Phosphate (SSP), Granular Single Super Phosphate (GSSP), and administration divisions of the industry. Respirable dust particles, particulate fluoride, and hydrogen fluoride in the work environment were collected on a filter cassette containing an MCE filter paper (0.8 micron 37-mm) and Na2CO3 impregnated backup pad, respectively, using a personal sampler. The fluoride samples were analyzed using Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) and expressed as milligrams per meter cube (mg.m-3). The respirable dust, particulate, and gaseous fluoride content were found to have statistically significant differences (p<0.001) between the divisions (SSP, GSSP, and administration) in the static monitoring, whereas, in the case of personal monitoring, no significant differences were observed. Average airborne respirable, particulate, and gaseous fluoride levels in static monitoring were 1.37, 1.03, 0.20 mg.m-3, 0.018, 0.008, 0.001 mg.m-3, and 0.808, 0.403, 0.026 ppm in SSP, GSSP and administration respectively, whereas in personal monitoring the average respirable, particulate and gaseous fluoride concentrations were 1.18, 0.85, 0.30 mg.m-3, 0.0013, 0.007, 0.002 mg.m-3 and 0.356, 0.258, 0.011 ppm in SSP, GSSP and administration respectively. The present study observed that the levels of fluoride decreased with an increase in distance from SSP, followed by GSSP and administration. It indicates that the fluoride exposure was inversely proportional to the distance of the source. This study outcome will help to design a policy and intervention to mitigate fluoride exposure among workers.

Climate change crises and environmental imbalances have been a significant concern globally in recent times. The climatic changes give rise to various issues such as global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, deterioration of natural resources, soil erosion, deforestation, and more. Many international and national agreements and policies have been created to protect the environment, from the UNFCCC to the recent Paris Agreement, aiming to control rising environmental issues. However, developed and developing countries must achieve desirable results in combating climate change. Industrial and technological developments are critical reasons for environmental pollution and degradation. Progress is necessary for planned developing countries, but growth and expansions shall also consider ecological sustainability. Technology shall be novel in adapting to the changes, considering the effects it can produce on the environment. Green technology combines technology with the environment, also called environmental technology, clean technology, or sustainable technology. It is a combination of science and technology together to mitigate climatic changes and protect the environment. Green technology is the modern sustainable solution to pressing environmental concerns. India is one of the countries globally showing rapid green technology developments. The authors of this paper have tried to highlight the dire need to modify technological developments vis-a-vis environmental sustainability to protect the environment. The research paper delves into and understands the interface between clean technology’s importance and relevance for ecological sustainability and the role of patent law, particularly in dealing with issues of the environment. The paper shall also establish a harmonious relationship between patent law and its role in ensuring environmental sustainability.

Current research explains the comparison of linear and nonlinear regression methods for finding the optimal isotherm study using experimental data for the adsorption of BG on multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs. BG dye maximum adsorption onto MWCNTs occurred at pH 2 and 35°C, with the apparent equilibrium reached after 15 min. In this study, five error functions were used: ERRS, Hybrid, Chi-square (χ2), ARE, and EABS. The values of error functions suggest that the Langmuir Linear type 3 is a suitable isotherm to describe the adsorption of BG on MWCNTs. The results showed that the Langmuir isotherm is a fit good isotherm to describe the adsorption process. The coefficient of non-determination (K2) showed Hybrid, and ERRS were the preferable error functions used to predict the fit of linear and nonlinear isotherm models. Compared with other studies, MWCNTs can be used as a low-cost adsorbent with low contact time for the removal of BG dye from an aqueous solution.

This paper aims to emphasize heavy metals’ impact on water and its removal mechanism with a focus on adsorption. Furthermore, factors affecting bio adsorption, such as temperature, pH, RPM, and initial heavy metal concentration, have been studied for different heavy metals and bioadsorbents. A comparison of their adsorption capacities and efficiencies has been made. This review reviewed different bioadsorbents for their suitability in removing cadmium, lead, and copper ions from water and wastewater, typically by using adsorption as a methodology. A suitable summary compares various heavy metal removal techniques and their advantages and limitations. For adsorption, the characteristics of bioadsorbents and their activation steps have been consolidated. Furthermore, the effects of operational parameters and adsorption mechanisms have been discussed in the review. Apart from assessing the suitability of bioadsorbent, a novel bioadsorbent has been suggested for copper ions removal. The findings shall be significantly useful in applying bioadsorbent in water/wastewater treatment fields to reduce heavy metal pollution. Thorough and well-planned research in this field can facilitate the creation of sustainable and durable technology for wastewater treatment, addressing the increasing demand for safe and dependable water resources, focusing on making it cost-effective and recyclable.