Total suspended particulate (TSP) and PM₁₀ filters collected from two ambient air monitoring stations in Port Pirie were analysed to determine the impact of a lead (Pb) smelter redevelopment on air quality parameters including total elemental concentration, Pb isotopic ratio, Pb bioaccessibility and Pb speciation. Filters from 2009 to 2020 were analysed with a focus on samples from 2017 (immediately prior to smelter redevelopment) and 2020 (post-smelter redevelopment). Lead concentration in 2009–2020 TSP was variable ranging up to 6.94 μg m⁻³ (mean = 0.57 μg m⁻³), however, no significant decrease in Pb concentration was observed at either Port Pirie West (p = 0.56, n = 34) or Oliver Street (p = 0.32, n = 28) monitoring stations when 2017 and 2020 TSP values were compared. Similarly, no significant difference (p = 0.42) in PM₁₀ Pb concentration was observed in 2017 (mean = 0.80 μg m⁻³) and 2020 (0.60 μg m⁻³) Oliver Street filters. Although no change in percentage Pb bioaccessibility was observed when 2017 and 2020 Port Pirie West TSP samples were compared (mean of 88.7% versus 88.0%), Pb bioaccessibility was lower (p < 0.005) in both 2020 TSP (mean of 83.9% versus 62.9%) and PM₁₀ (mean of 70.8% versus 58.3%) Oliver Street filters compared to 2017. While scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy identified a number of Pb phases within filters (galena, anglesite, cerussite, conglomerates), differences in Pb speciation between 2017 and 2020 filters could not be identified although it was presumed that this influenced Pb bioaccessibility outcomes at Oliver Street. Data from this study suggests that recent smelter redevelopments have not significantly decreased the concentrations of airborne Pb in Port Pirie although re-entrainment of soil-Pb from historical impact may also be a contributing Pb source.

The silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis is a large pelagic species distributed in the global oceans and was recently listed as “Vulnerable” by the IUCN because of its decline in population due to overfishing. As an apex predator, the silky shark can accumulate elevated quantities of mercury (Hg), posing a potential risk to its remaining population. In this study, total Hg (THg) concentrations were determined in silky shark muscle, liver, dermis, red blood cells (RBC) and plasma sampled from the eastern tropical Pacific, and δ¹⁵N values were measured to explore the influence of feeding ecology on Hg accumulation. The highest THg concentrations were in muscle (7.81 ± 6.70 μg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) or 2.14 ± 1.83 μg g⁻¹ wet weight (ww)) and liver (7.88 ± 10.22 μg g⁻¹ dw or 4.66 ± 6.04 μg g⁻¹ ww) rather than dermis, RBC and plasma. The THg concentrations in all tissue types were significantly correlated with fork length and showed faster accumulation rates after maturity. Maternal THg transfer was observed in silky sharks with embryos having 33.16% and 1.98% in muscle and liver compared with their respective mothers. The potentially harmful THg concentrations in silky shark tissues and embryos may lead to health problems of sharks and consumers. THg concentrations were negatively correlated with δ¹⁵N values for all tissues, indicating likely baseline variations in δ¹⁵N values that reflect changes in the foraging habitats or regions of silky sharks with size or age. Lastly, strong correlations were observed among THg concentrations of all tissue types, indicating that nonlethal sampling of muscle and dermis tissue can be used effectively to quantify THg concentration of other internal tissues.

Acrylamide (AA) is an organic contaminant that naturally forms in starchy foods during high-temperature cooking under low-moisture conditions. It is mainly produced from the sugars and amino acids present in food by the Maillard reaction. When humans are exposed to AA, AA is eliminated in the urine as mercapturic acid conjugates, primarily including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA3), and N-acetyl-3-[(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)sulfinyl]-L-alanine (AAMA-Sul), which are used as exposure biomarkers of AA in human biomonitoring studies. Although the carcinogenic effects of AA on humans have not been demonstrated yet, some studies have shown that AA may negatively affect children's health. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure of Spanish children (n = 612) to AA. For this purpose, the levels of AAMA, AAMA-Sul, and GAMA3 in first-morning urine samples were analyzed by “dilute and shoot” and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The three metabolites were detected in all the children involved in this study in the following order (geometric mean (GM)): AAMA (79 ng ml⁻¹) > AAMA-Sul (28 ng ml⁻¹) > GAMA3 (18 ng ml⁻¹). Statistical analysis suggested that the intake of fried potato products and biscuits could be associated with higher levels of AA metabolites in urine. Estimated daily intakes of AA in the children under study were in the range of 1.2–1.5 μg AA·kg-body weight⁻¹·day⁻¹ (GM). Risk assessment calculations indicate that the health risk of AA exposure cannot be overlooked and the exposure of Spanish children to AA should be closely monitored.

Commercial kitchens may pose significant health risks to workers because they generate large quantities of fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅). In our study, the concentrations and emission rates of PM₂.₅ in cooking environments were measured for six types of commercial kitchens that used electricity and natural gas (including traditional Chinese kitchens, western kitchens, teppanyaki kitchens, fried chicken kitchens, barbecue kitchens, and hotpot cooking area). Furthermore, a preliminary health risk assessment of the chefs was undertaken using the annual PM₂.₅ inhalation and PM₂.₅ deposition rates into the upper airways and tracheobronchial and alveolar regions of the human body. Results showed that cooking in the teppanyaki kitchen generated the highest amount of PM₂.₅, with a mean emission rate of 7.7 mg/min and a mean mass concentration of 850.4 ± 533.4 μg/m³ in the breathing zone. Therefore, teppanyaki kitchens pose highest PM₂.₅ exposure risks to chefs, with the highest rate of PM₂.₅ deposition in the upper airways (6.38 × 10⁵ μg/year), followed by Chinese kitchens. The PM₂.₅ concentrations and emission rates of each kitchen varied greatly with the dishes cooked. The mean PM₂.₅ concentration was the highest during Chinese stir-frying, with the peak concentration reaching more than 20,000 μg/m³, followed by pan-frying, deep-frying, stewing, and boiling. A rise in PM₂.₅ concentration was also observed during the start of stir-frying and in the middle to late stages of pan-frying and grilling meat. The results obtained in our study may contribute in understanding the characteristics of PM₂.₅ emissions from various types of commercial kitchens and their health effects.

This study evaluated the greenhouse gas emissions of solid dairy manure storage with the micro-aerobic group (MA; oxygen concentration <5%) and control group (CK; oxygen concentration <1%), and explained the difference in greenhouse gas emissions by exploring bacterial community succession. The results showed that the MA remained the micro-aerobic conditions, which the maximum and average oxygen concentrations were 4.1% and 1.9%, respectively; while the average oxygen concentrations of the CK without intervention management was 0.5%. Compared with the CK, carbon dioxide and methane emissions in MA were reduced by 78.68% and 99.97%, respectively, and nitrous oxide emission was increased by almost three times with a small absolute loss, but total greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 91.23%. BugBase analysis showed that the relative abundance of aerobic bacteria in CK decreased to 0.73% on day 30, while that in MA increased to 6.56%. Genus MBA03 was significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05) and was significantly positively correlated with carbon dioxide and methane emissions (p < 0.05). A structural equation model also revealed that the oxygen concentration and MBA03 of the MA had significant direct effects on methane emission rate (p < 0.001). The research results could provide theoretical basis and measures for directional regulation of greenhouse gas emission reduction during dairy manure storage.

Carbendazim (CBZ), a broad-spectrum pesticide frequently detected in fruits and vegetables, could trigger potential toxic risks to mammals. To facilitate the assessment of health risks, this study aimed to characterize the cytochrome P450 (CYPs)-mediated metabolism profiles of CBZ by a combined experimental and computational study. Our results demonstrated that CYPs-mediated region-selective hydroxylation was a major metabolism pathway for CBZ in liver microsomes from various species including rat, mouse, minipig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, cow and human, and the metabolite was biosynthesized and well-characterized as 6-OH-CBZ. CYP1A displayed a predominant role in the region-selective hydroxylation of CBZ that could attenuate its toxicity through converting it into a less toxic metabolite. Meanwhile, five other common pesticides including chlorpyrifos-methyl, prochloraz, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil could significantly inhibit the region-selective hydroxylation of CBZ, and consequently remarkably increased CBZ exposure in vivo. Furthermore, computational study clarified the important contribution of the key amino acid residues Ser122, and Asp313 in CYP1A1, as well as Asp320 in CYP1A2 to the hydroxylation of CBZ through hydrogen bonds. These results would provide some useful information for the metabolic profiles of CBZ by mammalian CYPs, and shed new insights into CYP1A-mediated metabolic detoxification of CBZ and its health risk assessment.

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent environmental pollutant. Exposure to PFOS has been associated with abnormal fetal development. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has been showed to play a role in fetal growth restriction (FGR), preeclampsia (PE) and other pregnancy complications. Whether the lncRNA contributes to PFOS-induced toxicity in the placenta remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the function of lncRNA MEG3 and its derived miR-770 in PFOS-induced placental toxicity. Pregnant mice received gavage administration of different concentrations of PFOS (0.5, 2.5, and 12.5 mg/kg/day) from GD0 to GD17, and HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with PFOS in the concentrations of 0, 10⁻¹, 1, 10 μM. We found that expression levels of miR-770 and its host gene MEG3 were reduced in mice placentas and HTR-8/SVneo cells with exposure of PFOS. A significant hypermethylation was observed at MEG3 promoter in placentas of mice gestational-treated with PFOS. We also confirmed that MEG3 and miR-770 overexpression alleviated the cell growth inhibition induced by PFOS. Furthermore, PTX3 (Pentraxin 3) was identified as the direct target of miR-770 and it was enhanced after PFOS exposure. In summary, our results suggested that MEG3 alleviate PFOS-induced placental cell inhibition through MEG3/miR-770/PTX3 axis.

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. In humans, PFOS exposure has been associated with a number of adverse health outcomes, including reduced birth weight. Whether PFOS is capable of affecting angiogenesis and thus possibly fetal development is unknown. Therefore, we investigated 1) the metabolic activity of PFOS-exposed endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs), fibroblasts (normal colon fibroblasts, NCFs), and epithelial cells (human colorectal carcinoma cells, HCT116), 2) PFOS-specific inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)2 stimulation in KDR/NFAT-RE HEK293 cells, and 3) the antiangiogenic potential of PFOS in a 3D in vitro angiogenesis model of HUVECs and NCFs. In terms of metabolic activity, endothelial cells (HUVECs) were much more sensitive to PFOS than fibroblasts (NCFs) or epithelial cells (HCT116). VEGFR2 signaling in KDR/NFAT-RE HEK293 cells decreased with increasing PFOS concentrations. In co-culture (angiogenesis assay), PFOS treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in tip and branch formation, tip length (μm), and total structural area (μm²) with stable metabolic activity of HUVECs up to high concentrations. We conclude that PFOS possesses antiangiogenic properties. Inhibition of VEGFR2 signaling indicates a possible mechanism of action that can be linked to an existing Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP43) containing the AO reduced birth weight. Further studies are needed to confirm PFOS-specific adverse effects on angiogenesis, placental perfusion, and fetal growth.

Thallium, a highly toxic heavy metal and priority pollutant, has been widely reported to cause neurodevelopmental toxicity in animals. However, accessible epidemiological studies concerning the neurodevelopmental toxicity of early-life thallium exposure in humans are limited. In a prospective birth cohort including 2164 mother-child pairs, we explored the effect of prenatal serum thallium exposure on cognitive development among preschool-aged children born in Ma'anshan, Anhui, China. Serum thallium concentrations were measured in the first trimester, second trimester, third trimester, and cord blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Child cognitive development was appraised by the Chinese version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) at 4.5 years old. Multiple informants generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were fit to jointly estimate the association between the four repeated measurements of thallium concentrations and the preschool-aged children's cognitive test scores. After adjusting for potential confounders, the visual spatial index (VSI) was 1.45 points lower in the highest tertile of serum thallium during the first trimester than in the lowest tertile (p for trend = 0.04). Moreover, children in the highest tertile of serum thallium during the third trimester had a significantly lower full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) (β = −1.51, 95% CI: −2.68, −0.35), VSI (β = −1.79, 95% CI: −3.16, −0.42), fluid reasoning index (FRI) (β = −1.41, 95% CI: −2.73, −0.10), and processing speed index (PSI) (β = −1.47, 95% CI: −2.71, −0.24) scores than the children in the lowest tertile. When performing stratified analysis by child sex, the associations of first- and third-trimester thallium concentrations with cognitive test scores were more prominent in boys than in girls. Our findings revealed that maternal serum thallium exposure during the first and third trimesters, but not other periods, had detrimental effects on preschoolers' cognitive development, and these effects showed sex differences.

Understanding of aquaporins (AQPs) facilitating the transport of water and many other small solutes including metalloids like silicon (Si) and arsenic (As) is important to develop stress tolerant cultivars. In the present study, 40 AQPs were identified in the genome of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), a pulse crop widely grown in semi-arid region and areas known to affected with heavy metals like As. Conserved domains, variation at NPA motifs, aromatic/arginine (ar/R) selectivity filters, and pore morphology defined here will be crucial in predicting solute specificity of pigeonpea AQPs. The study identified CcNIP2-1 as an AQP predicted to transporter Si (beneficial element) as well as As (hazardous element). Further Si quantification in different tissues showed about 1.66% Si in leaves which confirmed the predictions. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy showed a higher level of Si accumulation in trichomes on the leaf surface. A significant alleviation in level of As, Sb and Ge stress was also observed when these heavy metals were supplemented with Si. Estimation of relative water content, H₂O₂, lipid peroxidation, proline, total chlorophyll content and other physiological parameters suggested Si derived stress tolerance. Extensive transcriptome profiling under different developmental stages from germination to senescence was performed to understand the tissue-specific regulation of different AQPs. For instance, high expression of TIP3s was observed only in reproductive tissues. Co-expression network developed using transcriptome data from 30 different conditions and tissues, showed interdependency of AQPs. Expression profiling of pigeonpea performed using real time PCR showed differential expression of AQPs after Si supplementation. The information generated about the phylogeny, distribution, molecular evolution, solute specificity, and gene expression dynamics in article will be helpful to better understand the AQP transport system in pigeonpea and other legumes.