Recent studies suggest that exposure to air pollution might be associated with severity of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). However, the association between air pollution exposure, especially particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <= 2.5 μm (PM₂.₅), and SDB is still unclear. We collected 4312 participants' data from the Taipei Medical University Hospital's Sleep Center and air pollution data from the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. Associations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <=10 μm (PM₁₀), PM₂.₅, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) were investigated by generalized additive models. We found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in 1-year mean PM₂.₅ (3.4 μg/m³) and NO₂ (2.7 ppb) was associated with a 4.7% and 3.6% increase in AHI, respectively. We also observed the association of an IQR increase in 1-year mean PM₂.₅ with a 2.5% increase in ODI. The similar pattern was found in the association of daily mean PM₂.₅ exposure with increased AHI. Moreover, participants showed significant AHI and ODI responses to air pollution levels in spring and winter. We concluded that exposure to PM₂.₅ was associated with SDB. Effects of air pollution on AHI and ODI were significant in spring and winter.

Mobile in situ concentration and meteorology data were collected for the Chino Dairy Complex in the Los Angeles Basin by AMOG (AutoMObile trace Gas) Surveyor on 25 June 2015 to characterize husbandry emissions in the near and far field in convoy mode with MISTIR (Mobile Infrared Sensor for Tactical Incident Response), a mobile upwards-looking, column remote sensing spectrometer. MISTIR reference flux validated AMOG plume inversions at different information levels including multiple gases, GoogleEarth imagery, and airborne trace gas remote sensing data. Long-term (9-yr.) Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer satellite data provided spatial and trace gas temporal context.For the Chino dairies, MISTIR-AMOG ammonia (NH₃) agreement was within 5% (15.7 versus 14.9 Gg yr⁻¹, respectively) using all information. Methane (CH₄) emissions were 30 Gg yr⁻¹ for a 45,200 herd size, indicating that Chino emission factors are greater than previously reported.Single dairy inversions were much less successful. AMOG-MISTIR agreement was 57% due to wind heterogeneity from downwind structures in these near-field measurements and emissions unsteadiness. AMOG CH₄, NH₃, and CO₂ emissions were 91, 209, and 8200 Mg yr⁻¹, implying 2480, 1870, and 1720 head using published emission factors. Plumes fingerprinting identified likely sources including manure storage, cowsheds, and a structure with likely natural gas combustion.NH₃ downwind of Chino showed a seasonal variation of a factor of ten, three times larger than literature suggests. Chino husbandry practices and trends in herd size and production were reviewed and unlikely to add seasonality. Higher emission seasonality was proposed as legacy soil emissions, the results of a century of husbandry, supported by airborne remote sensing data showing widespread emissions from neighborhoods that were dairies 15 years prior, and AMOG and MISTIR observations. Seasonal variations provide insights into the implications of global climate change and must be considered when comparing surveys from different seasons.

In this study, we conducted an assessment of polyurethane foam (PUF) passive sampling for metals combining active sampling. Remarkably, we found that the metals collected in the passive samples differed greatly from those collected in active samples. By composition, Cu and Ni accounted for significantly higher proportions in passive samples than in active samples, leading to significantly higher uptake rates of Cu and Ni. In assessing seasonal variation, metals in passive samples had higher concentrations in summer (excluding Heshan), which differed greatly from the pattern of active samples (winter > summer), indicating that the uptake rates of most metals were higher in summer than in winter. Overall, due to the stable passive uptake rates, we considered that PUF passive samplers can be applied to collect atmospheric metals. Additionally, we created a snapshot of the metal pollution in the Pearl River Delta using principal component analysis of PUF samples and their source apportionment.

Silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) are released into sewers and consequently find their way to sewage treatment plants (STPs). The AgNMs are transformed en route, mainly into silver sulfide (Ag₂S), which is only sparingly soluble in water and therefore potentially less harmful than the original AgNMs. Here we investigated the toxicity and fate of different sulfidized AgNMs using an exposure scenario involving the application of five different test materials (NM-300K, AgNO₃, Ag₂S NM-300K, Ag₂S NM and bulk Ag₂S) into a simulated STP for 10 days. The sewage sludge from each treatment was either dewatered or anaerobically digested for 35 days and then mixed into soil. We then assessed the effect on soil microorganisms over the next 180 days. After 60 days, a subsample of each test soil was used to assess chronic toxicity in oat plants (Avena sativa L) and a potential uptake into the plants. The effect of each AgNM on the most sensitive test organism was also tested without the application of sewage sludge. Although Ag sulfidized species are considered poorly soluble and barely bioavailable, we observed toxic effects on soil microorganisms. Furthermore, whether or not the AgNM was sulfidized before or during the passage through the STP, comparable effects were observed on ammonium oxidizing bacteria after sewage sludge application and incubation for 180 days. We observed the uptake of Ag into oat roots following the application of all test substances, confirming their bioavailability. The oat shoots generally containing less Ag than the roots.

To characterize major trace elements in PM₂.₅ and associated sources in two megacities, Chengdu (CD) and Chongqing (CQ), in Sichuan Basin of southwest China, daily PM₂.₅ samples were collected at one urban site in each city from October 2014 to July 2015 and were analyzed for their contents of thirteen trace elements including four crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, and Ti), eight trace metals (K, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, and V), and As. Multiple approaches including correlation analysis, enrichment factor, principal component analysis, and conditional probability function (CPF) were applied to identify potential sources of these elements. Most of the measured trace elements in Sichuan Basin were found to have lower concentrations than in the other regions of China. K and Fe were the most abundant elements at CD with an annual mean concentrations of 720 ± 357 and 456 ± 248 ng m⁻³, accounting for 34.6% and 21.9% of the total analyzed trace elements, respectively. Ca presented the highest concentration among all of the elements at CQ with annual mean of 824 ± 633 ng m⁻³ (29.1% of the total). Crustal elements had the highest concentrations in spring while heavy metals had distinct seasonal variations typically with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Ti and Al were identified to be primarily from soil while most of the analyzed heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) and As were from anthropogenic sources associated with coal combustion, industrial emission from glassmaking production and iron/steel manufacturing, and non-exhaust vehicle emission.

Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured in indoor dust and PM₂.₅ samples from nine kindergartens and two primary schools in Hong Kong. The average levels of PM₂.₅ ranged from 4.0E+03 ng/m³ to 1.5E+04 ng/m³. Average levels of PFRs (from 1.5 ng/m³ to 20 ng/m³ in PM₂.₅; from 8.0E−02 μg/g dw to 2.4 μg/g dw in dust) and BPA (from 6.4E−01 ng/m³ to 1.0 ng/m³ in PM₂.₅; from 1.0E−02 μg/g dw to 2.0E−01 μg/g dw in dust) were detected in most of the sampling sites. Tri-(2-Chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), tris-(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were present in low levels in PM₂.₅ with medians of 16, 14, 8.7, and 3.2 ng/m³, respectively. In dust, the medians were 1.5E−01, 5.5E−02, 5.9E−01, 8.6E−01, and 8.5E−02 μg/g dw for TCEP, TCPP, TDCPP, TPHP, and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, respectively. The medians of BPA were 6.4E−01 ng/m³ and 7.4E−02 μg/g dw for PM₂.₅ and dust, respectively. A positive correlation was found between indoor PM₂.₅ and dust in the levels of TCEP (r = 0.85; p = .05). In the individual classroom in this survey, the predominant PFRs were similar, that is, TDCP and TCEP in indoor PM₂.₅ while TPHP and TDCP in dust. TPHP and TCEP in primary schools were obviously lower than those in kindergartens. The estimated daily intakes via PM₂.₅ and dust for all selected PFRs ranged from 1.3E−4 μg/kg/d to 2.0E−02 μg/kg/d, and the value of less than the detection limit at 3.5E−4 μg/kg/d was found for BPA. The EDI values of TPHP in dust non-dietary intake fraction were higher than those in the others. Calculated hazard indices (EDI/RfD) ranged from 4.8E−06 and 5.5E−03, showing that PFRs and BPA in PM₂.₅ and dust presented no health risks to children.

Since only a few studies have investigated effects of microplastics (MPs) by routes other than ingestion, this study was designed to analyze the accumulation patterns and transfer of toxic substances associated with microplastic exposure by simple attachment to (1) adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) gills and (2) zebrafish embryos. Two sizes of fluorescently labelled polymers (1–5 and 10–20 μm) loaded with the model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were used to analyze fate, accumulation and transfer of microplastic-associated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on gills and embryos.Results indicate that microplastics did not permanently accumulate at high amounts in adult zebrafish gills after 6 nor 24 h of incubation: Most particles only superficially adhered to the mucus layer on the filaments, which is constantly being excreted. In contrast, the smaller and heavier MPs (1–5 μm) accumulated in high numbers on the surface of zebrafish egg chorions. In both exposure scenarios, transfer of BaP could be visualized with fluorescence microscopy: A prominent BaP signal was visible both in gill filaments and arches after 6 and 24 h incubation and in zebrafish embryos after exposure to BaP-spiked microplastics. Furthermore, the gill EROD (Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) assay showed a clear trend to CYP 1A (Cytochrom P450 1 A) induction via exposure to BaP-spiked microplastics. However, BaP from spiked microplastics did not reach sufficiently high concentrations to be able to induce morphological effects in the fish embryo toxicity test (FET). In contrast, control exposure to waterborne BaP did induce effects in the FET.As a conclusion, microplastics can also transfer POPs not only via ingestion, but also by simple attachment to epithelia or via the water column. However, further studies are needed to clarify if these interactions are of environmental concern relative to waterborne exposure to toxic substances.

Anthropogenic emissions of toxic trace elements (TEs) have caused worldwide concern due to their adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Based on a stochastic simulation of factors' probability distribution, we established a bottom-up model to estimate the amounts of five priority-regulatory TEs released to aquatic environments from industrial processes in China. Total TE emissions in China in 2010 were estimated at approximately 2.27 t of Hg, 310.09 t of As, 318.17 t of Pb, 79.72 t of Cd, and 1040.32 t of Cr. Raw chemicals, smelting, and mining were the leading sources of TE emissions. There are apparent regional differences in TE pollution. TE emissions are much higher in eastern and central China than in the western provinces and are higher in the south than in the north. This spatial distribution was characterized in detail by allocating the emissions to 10 km × 10 km grid cells. Furthermore, the risk control for the overall emission grid was optimized according to each cell's emission and risk rank. The results show that to control 80% of TE emissions from major sources, the number of top-priority control cells would be between 200 and 400, and less than 10% of the total population would be positively affected. Based on TE risk rankings, decreasing the population weighted risk would increase the number of controlled cells by a factor of 0.3–0.5, but the affected population would increase by a factor of 0.8–1.5. In this case, the adverse effects on people's health would be reduced significantly. Finally, an optimized strategy to control TE emissions is proposed in terms of a cost-benefit trade-off. The estimates in this paper can be used to help establish a regional TE inventory and cyclic simulation, and it can also play supporting roles in minimizing TE health risks and maximizing resilience.

Particulate matter (PM) can strongly affect redox biochemistry and therefore induce the response of the immune system and aggravate the course of autoimmune diseases. Nanoparticles containing transition metal compounds possessing semiconductor properties (TiO2, ZnO) may act as photocatalysts and accelerate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In this study, the NIST standard reference material, SRM 1648a, has been analyzed in terms of this consideration. Organic compounds present in SRM 1648a were removed by cold oxygen plasma treatment. Samples of SRM 1648a with removed organic content (<2% of organic carbon, <1% of nitrogen) were obtained within 2 h of this treatment. The treatment did not affect the morphology of the powder. The reference material and PM2.5 collected in Kraków are composed of smaller particles and nanoparticles forming aggregates. The efficiency of (photo)generation of hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen was compared for original and organics-free samples. The analyzed samples showed the highest activity towards ROS generation when exposed to UV-vis-NIR light, moderate under UV irradiation, and the lowest in dark. Data collected in the present study suggest that the organic fraction is mostly responsible for singlet oxygen generation, as almost twice higher efficiency of 1O2 generation was observed for the original NIST sample compared to the material without the organic fraction. However, particulate matter collected in Kraków was found to have a five times higher activity in singlet oxygen generation (compared for original NIST and Kraków dust samples).