A multiphase model based on the Mackay-type level II fugacity model has been used to predict the behaviour and final environmental concentrations of some of the more consumed pharmaceuticals in Spain. The model takes into account the mean rate of consumption of pharmaceuticals, the percentage of pharmaceutical metabolised, the formation of the corresponding glucuronide, which is assumed to be hydrolysed back to the parent molecule, the partial degradation of each pharmaceutical in a conventional sewage treatment plant, and the fate of these substances in a regional model environmental system. Predicted environmental concentrations in air, water, soil, sediments and suspended matter, and the corresponding residence time for each pharmaceutical have been obtained by application of the model. The predicted concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the water phase are of the same order than the measured experimentally, showing that the simple model used to predict the environmental concentrations is suitable for modelling the environmental fate of high water soluble and low volatile organic compounds such as pharmaceuticals products.

Settleability of dry and wet weather flow samples from a combined sewer system was examined by settling column tests, in order to improve understanding of settling processes and obtain information for design of settling tanks. In fact, these tests mimic the actual settling processes and allow evaluating total suspended solids (TSS) removal by settling. Therefore, it is also possible to assess, indirectly, removals of other pollutants, such as heavy metals, which are generally transported by solid particles in sewage. Towards this end, dry and wet weather flow samples were collected in the Liguori Channel catchment and analyzed in the laboratory for Water Supply and Sewerage (Acquedotti e Fognature) of the University of Calabria for TSS concentrations according to the Standard Methods. The settleability study revealed that removals of TSS in dry weather samples (i.e., sanitary sewage) were greater than in wet weather samples (WW), using the same experimental procedures. In particular, 65% of TSS was removed in dry weather samples at a depth of 3 m for a detention time of 40 min; while in wet weather samples the comparable removal efficiency was less than 60%.

Lake Hallstättersee is a holomictic alpine lake, which is influenced by salt mining since the middle Bronze Age. Beside the constant saline waste water load, two massive brine spills loaded the lake with additional 16,900 tons sodium chloride (≈10,250 tons Cl−) from 1977 to 1979 and 3,000 tons salt (≈1,820 tons Cl−) in 2005. The effect of waste water intrusions from salt mining on stratification of Lake Hallstättersee was analysed over a period of 40 years. Water density, dissolved oxygen and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were measured and an exponential model was fitted to describe the wash-out of chloride from Lake Hallstättersee after the brine spills. Furthermore, the time required returning to holomixis and steady chloride content after the second brine spill was estimated. During the whole sampling period the minimum and maximum volume-weighted annual mean chloride concentrations were 23.58 mg/L in 1979 and 3.19 mg/L in 1998. However, the mixing regime of Lake Hallstättersee, as well as the chloride concentrations, varied considerably and exhibited three holomictic and three meromictic periods between 1970 and 2009. Holomictic periods were observed when the yearly density gradient was below 0.06 kg/m3, deepwater oxygen in spring above 4 mg/L and consequently declining TP concentration in the deepest water layer below 60 mg/m3, otherwise meromictic periods were observed. Our study showed that Hallstättersee was 13 years ectogenic meromictic and 27 years holomictic during the study period.

Poorly constructed wells (leaky or without a gravel pack) and abandoned wells can behave as conduits for the interconnection of aquifers at different depths and facilitate the transfer of contaminants between these aquifers. This is the case with Campo de Cartagena (SE Spain) where the primary land use is intensive irrigated agriculture, along with a high density of wells. The unconfined aquifer is heavily impacted by a high concentration of nitrate associated with agricultural activities. The present work provides a methodological approach to evaluate the impact of the unconfined aquifer on the water quality of the confined aquifer caused by leaky wells in high-density areas of production wells. The research approach included the use of geochemical and isotopic tools; specifically, nitrate was used as a tracer for evaluating the impact, and the code MIX_PROGRAM was used for mixing calculations. Results show an increase of the impact of the unconfined aquifer on the confined aquifer along the groundwater flow direction toward the coast, although this general pattern is controlled by local factors (pumping, intensity of agricultural practices, density of wells, and groundwater residence time).

The adsorption of lead onto date palm fibers (palm fibers) and leaf base of palm (petiole) has been examined in aqueous solution by considering the influence of various parameters such as contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, particle sizes, ionic strength, and temperature. The adsorption of Pb(II) increased with an increase of contact time. The optimal range of pH for Pb(II) adsorption is 3.0-4.5. The linear Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms, and both models fitted well. The monolayer adsorption capacity of Pb(II) on palm fibers and petiole was found as 18.622 and 20.040 mg/g, respectively, at pH 4.5 and 25°C. Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm model was also applied to equilibrium data. The mean free energy of adsorption (2.397 and 4.082 kJ/mol) onto palm fibers and petiole, respectively, may be carried out via physisorption mechanism. Pseudo-first-order rate equation and pseudo-second-order rate equation were applied to study the adsorption kinetics. In comparison to first-order kinetic model, pseudo-second-order model described well the adsorption kinetics of Pb(II) onto palm fibers and petiole from aqueous solution. From the results of the thermodynamic analysis, Gibbs free energy ΔG, enthalpy change ΔH, and entropy ΔS were determined. The positive value of ΔH suggests that interaction of Pb(II) adsorbed by palm fibers is endothermic. In contrast, the negative value of ΔH indicates that interaction of Pb(II) ions by petiole is exothermic. The negative value of ΔG indicates that the adsorption of Pb(II) ions on both palm fibers and petiole is a spontaneous process.

Nitrogen fertilizers used in agriculture often cause nitrate leaching towards shallow groundwater, especially in lowland areas where the flat topography minimize the surface run off. In order to introduce good agricultural practices that reduce the amount of nitrate entering the groundwater system, it is important to quantify the kinetic control on nitrate attenuation capacity. With this aim, a series of anaerobic batch experiments, consisting of loamy soils and nitrate-contaminated groundwater, were carried out using acetate and natural dissolved organic matter as electron donors. Acetate was chosen because it is the main intermediate species in many biodegradation pathways of organic compounds, and it is a suitable carbon source for denitrification. Sorption of acetate was also determined, fitting a Langmuir isotherm in both natural and artificially depleted organic matter soils. Experiments were performed in quadruplicate to account for the spatial variability of soil parameters. The geochemical code PHREEQC (version 2) was used to simulate kinetic denitrification using Monod equation, equilibrium Langmuir sorption of acetate, and equilibrium reactions of gas and mineral phases (calcite). The reactive modeling results highlighted a rapid acetate and nitrate mineralization rate, suggesting that the main pathway of nitrate attenuation is through denitrification while calcite acted as a buffer for pH. However, in the absence of acetate, the natural content of organic matter did not allow to complete the denitrification process leading to nitrite accumulation. Reactive modeling is thought to be an efficient and robust tool to quantify the complex biogeochemical reactions which can take place in underground environments.

Sulphuric acid-modified bagasse has been used as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. In order to remove organic compounds that contribute to chemical oxygen demand (COD), pretreatment with thorough washing of adsorbent using boiling distilled water was performed instead of conventional washing using distilled water at room temperature only. This has resulted in the highest efficiency of color removal of 99.45% and COD reduction of 99.36% for MB dye solution at pH 9. Effects of initial pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact time have been studied. The adsorption of MB dye was pH dependent. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were tested on the adsorption data. The kinetic experimental data were analyzed using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and the intraparticle diffusion model in order to examine the adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm as well as the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The process was found to be endothermic in nature.

Among the most extensively used compounds for the pest control in Argentinean crops is the organochlorine endosulfan. The sublethal effects of the commercial endosulfan formulation on hematology and lipid peroxidation (LPO) of the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus were investigated. Firstly, we calculated acute toxicity (LC50) in order to define sublethal concentrations (0, 1.2, and 2.4 μg L−1). Hematological and oxidative stress responses were assessed at 24, 48, and 96 h. Endosulfan exposure significantly diminished the hemoglobin concentration, mean cell hemoglobin, and total plasma protein and increased white blood cells count and plasma glucose after 96 h. Exposed fish showed an alteration of the differential leukocytes count, evidenced by more thrombocytes and monocytes and less lymphocytes and neutrophils. Endosulfan increased LPO levels in intestine, liver, and brain in both sublethal concentrations. The present results suggest that endosulfan produces biochemical and physiological alterations, including immunological disorders, and it is a good inductor of oxidative stress in P. lineatus.

This paper is a review of the available literature on the main features of 11 of the most widely adopted oxygenated additives to base gasoline and diesel, focusing particularly on the emissions from the oxygenates considered as additives. The oxygenated additives studied are methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tert-amyl ethyl ether, tertiary amyl methyl ether, isopropyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxymethane, dibutyl ether, diglycol methyl ether, diethyl carbonate, and 2-methoxyethyl acetate.