Highly polluted wastewater accumulates in milk collection stations. Its biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) ranges from 369 to 1388 mg O2 lE-1. The average contamination was 600 mg O2 lE-1. There was a comparatively small amount of biogenic materials in it: total nitrogen – 27.3, total phosphorus – 5.0 mg lE-1. When variations of wastewater amounts are high, sand filters of vertical filtration are successfully used for the treatment of household wastewater. Model investigations were carried out to establish the possibilities of using these filters in treating wastewater in milk collection stations. The efficiency of wastewater treatment with these filters was 99.3% by BOD5, 99.1% – by suspended solids, 91.2% – by total nitrogen and 98.8% – by total phosphorus. According to the research results dependency equations were made; they were used to calculate the amount of main contaminants in milk collection stations that infiltrated through a layer of silt of diff rent thickness. The calculations showed that wastewater treatment to permissible limits is ensured by filtration through 0.6 m thick layer of sand. The average treatment level by BOD5 in such a filter of vertical filtration would be 20 mg O2 lE-1 and the treatment efficiency – 95.9%. Treatment efficiency of total nitrogen would be 88.1%, total phosphorus – 96.9, suspended solids – 95.5%. Preliminary research in the model showed that sand filters of vertical filtration can be used to treat wastewater from milk collection stations.

In order to avoid the problem of stoppage in the filters of vertical filtration, we tried to search for the filter media which was coarse and could clean the wastewater to the allowable contamination level. For this purpose the dolomite chippings were chosen and the modelling investigation was performed. Two modelled filters taking 0.2 square m area each were equipped: one was filled with the sand and the other was filled with the dolomite chippings. The results revealed that the initial contamination of the wastewater had a much bigger influence on the wastewater cleaning process than the hydraulic load. The wastewater was cleaned with the efficiency of 95.9% and never exceeded the allowable level of 30 mg O2 LE-1 in the dolomite chippings filter during the trial with the hydraulic load 0.03 m**3 mE-2 dE-1. When the hydraulic load was doubled the efficiency of the wastewater cleaning process decreased to 80.5% and the dependence of the cleaning process on the initial contamination of the wastewater increased. In order to ensure the successful removal of the easily decomposing organic pollutants from the wastewater up to their allowable contamination level, the quantity of the pollutants in the untreated wastewater must not exceed 220 mg O2 LE-1.

The possibilities to use other media instead of the sand in the filters of vertical flow are analysed in the article. The media used has to be inexpensive and its possibilities to clean the wastewater have to surpass that of the sand. The modelling of the wastewater treatment in the vertical flow filters was carried out in 2008 at the Water Research Institute of the Faculty of Water and Land Management of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Dolomite powder was chosen for the investigation. Two models of 0.2 square m filters were made: one was filled with the sand, but the other was filled with the dolomite powder. It was found that the dolomite filter was less reactive to the primary contamination of the wastewater with the organic pollutants: when their amount rose from 320 to 460 mg O2 LE-1 according to the BOD7 index, the amount of the pollutants in the wastewater cleaned with the dolomite powder filter rose from 1.4 to 3.1 and amount in the wastewater which passed the sand filter rose from 0.5 to 13.9 mg O2 LE-1. General phosphorus was removed with the efficiency of 99.9% in the dolomite powder filter (and only with the efficiency of 87.0% in the sand filter). Therefore the dolomite powder filter will be removing phosphorus from the wastewater to the allowable contamination level for a much longer period. General nitrogen was cleaned with the effectiveness of 13.0% in the dolomite powder filter. Therefore, it is necessary to use additional means for its removal from the wastewater in the vertical filters with the output higher than 5 m**3 dE-1.

The objective of the present studies is to estimate a distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in filter media of horizontal filters. The studies were carried out in 2009 within two wastewater treatment facilities of horizontal flow in Lithuania. From both treatment facilities sand samples of different depth and separate profiles in the direction of water flow were taken. These samples were used to determine sandmoisture and concentration of N-NO3, N-NH4 and total P. The measurements of sand moisture showed that the filtration of wastewater through the sand is in process only in the lower layer of sand filter and near the distribution pipe. Moisture regime in the sand influences the composition of nitrogenous compounds in it. In the part of the filter, where sand's moisture is lowest, nitrate concentration is highest. Ammonia concentrations are completely opposite. In the lower part of the filter anaerobic conditions are dominant and nitrification processes stop. Analysis of phosphorus concentrations in filter's sand showed similar tendencies as nitrogen analysis. In the upper part of the sand phosphorus concentration turns out to be 2-3 times lower than in the lower part of the sand. In the filters of horizontal flow, part of the sand contributes little or does not contribute to the wastewater treatment process at all; therefore, it is advisable to use wastewater recirculation for the improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. For that purpose in the part of the filter not included in the treatment process the filter of vertical flow could be arranged.

It is generally estimated that gas, which generates more than half of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from waste industries in landfills, is seen as a serious environmental problem worldwide. It is therefore essential to promote management methods to reduce GHG emissions from landfills as well as other sources. One way of achieving this is the usage of different types of biocover applied to them. The aim of this study is to clarify the impact of the biocover created on GHG emissions. An experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions that studied the effectiveness of biocover developed in the laboratory. Three experimental columns with a diameter of 160 mm and a height of 1500 mm were created. Active compost saturated with water at a thickness of 500 mm was used as a source of methane, a permeable layer of sand at a thickness of 300 mm was further formed and finally covered with biocover. Biocover represented 60% of fine-fraction waste, 20% of soil and 20% of compost. The experiment was launched on June 6, 2022, and the first measurements were made two weeks later. All measurements were performed with the CRDS gas measurement device Picarro G2508 (Picarro Inc., USA California). All data analysis was carried out using Descriptive statistics methods. The largest reduction in emissions is projected directly for methane emissions, as biocover technology is appropriate to reduce methane emissions. Other GHG emissions are also expected to be reduced. NH3 emission measurements were also carried out to investigate the impact of the biocover on it. This experiment shows that the biocover created is effective and can be composed of material that has already been served. The experiment is intended to continue to obtain long-term data on the development of biotransformation and to develop more promising approaches in the future to reduce GHG emissions from landfills.