Fifteen nodular lesions of the lungs caused by Fasciola sp. from slaughtered buffaloes (swamp type) were macroscopically and microscopically studied. All lesions were irregularly distributed in diaphragmatic lobes. Mixture of dark brown pigments and visible flukebodies oozing out on cut surfaces was a prominent characteristic. The flukes, with no evidence of sexual organs, were relatively much smaller than those in the biliary system of the liver. Microscopically, those lesions were similar to active paratitic granuloma. The adjacent areas showed subacute to chronic bronchopneumonia with intra-alveolar organization in some alveoli. The properties of fluke pigments, with application of some histochemical stains, are like those of hemosiderin pigments.

Six thousand commercial broiler chickens in a commercial farm in Nakornprathom province were divided into three groups of 2000 birds. The birds of all three groups were given B1 strain of ND Vaccine via eye drops when they were 10 days old. In addition, the first, second and third groups of birds were inoculated with 0.3 ml/bird of 1.0% levamisole, oil adjuvant ND vaccine and normal salines respectively using subcutaneous injection. Sera collected from these birds when they were 23, 32 and 42 days old, were assay for HI titres and found that the HI titres from the oil adjuvant vaccine group were higher than those of levamisole and normal saline treated groups, whereas the levamisole treated group gave higher HI titres than those of saline treated group.

The globalization process and the internal policy reforms that the developing countries have implemented during the past decade have changed the relative prices of practically all their inputs and outputs. Agricultural producers have therefore been forced to change the structure and methods of their production. The objective of this book is to review the impact of globalization on a number of issues. These include the effects of changes in global trading rules and regulations, the removal of trade barriers and the elimination of many country-specific and commodity-specific trade agreements, on the economies of developing countries in general and their agricultural sectors in particular. The book will be of interest to those in the fields of agricultural and development economics.

The survey of the intestinal parasites of the swine in Nakhon Pathom Province was performed by egg, oocyst and cyst identification in 346 fecal samples. In suckling piglets, 4.08%, 6.12%, 6.12%, 34.69%, 18.37%, and 22.45% were infected with Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Strongylates, Strongyloides ransomi, Coccidia and Balantidium coli respectively. The relative incidence of these parasitic infection was higher in the fattening pigs. Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Strongylates, Strongyloides ransomi, Metastrongylus spp. Coccidia, Balantidium coli and Trichomonad were found in 31.15%, 35.52%, 32.24%, 31.15%, 0.55%, 35.52%, 37.70% and 0.55% respectively of the fattening pigs. The percentage of breeding pigs infected with Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Strongylates, intestinal flukes, Coccidia, Balantidium coli and Trichomonad was found to be 9.65%, 4.39%, 68.42% 12.28%, 38.60., 42.98% and 0.88% respectively. By parasitic identification, the examination of the gastrointestinal tracts in 82 piglets, 1-8 weeks of age, revealed 2.44%, 67.07%, 39.02%, 40.24%, and 2.44% of the piglets infected with Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum spp. and Globocephalus spp. respectively. The control of Strongyloides ransomi infection was studied in 15 litters with the total of 132 suckling piglets, 1-2 weeks old. Each litter was divided into nontreated control and treated groups; but only the latter was orally treated once with 100 mg/kg. body weight of Thiabendazole. Each piglet was weekly weighed until weaned. The average increase in growth rate found to be equal, 0.89 kg. per week in both groups.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a fish-pathogen microorganism. The organism could also produce diseases in reptiles, e.g. snakes and turtles, and in amphibian, e.g. frogs. The epidemic of the ulcer disease in catfishes have been studied for the last 6 months in this laboratory. The disease was observed in the fish-cultures in Rangsit, Sampran and Supanburi. The markable lesion was the center necrosis surrounded with haemorrhage. In the severe cases the flesh was sloughed and the vertebrates were exposed. The disease in the adult fishes occasionally had the primary infection in the kidney. The nodule (or nodules) was observed at the area over the anterior kidney with the characteristic of haemorrhage and then broken out to form the ulcer. In some cases the papules were developed. The mortality rate was 5-20%. Most of the organisms produced the typical lesion in fishes after I/M inoculation 24 hrs with the dosage of 8 x 10/ml. The infection of this organism was also observed in white gibbon and swine. The gibbon had the following clinical signs; lethargic, anorexia, polydipsia, diarrhea and dyspnea. The animal died 4 days after showing the signs of sickness. In the swine case, the incoordination and circular movement was observed. The post-mortem revealed meningitis. The pathology and serological studies are in progress.

Examination to determine ovarian and uterine changes by palpation per rectum has been accepted as the most practical method, commonly used in cattle and horses. However, there has been no report of study on the feasibility and practicability of using such method in the Thai swamp buffalo. This study was conducted on ten healthy non-pregnant post subesent Thai swamp buffaloes selected at random. Examination per rectum for ovarian determinations was performed on every animal daily for one hundred and twenty consecutive days. Variance analysis shows that the average means of the length, width and thickness of the left ovary are 1.57 cm., 1.21 cm. and 0.68 cm. respectively while those on the right ovary are 1.65 cm., 1.23 cm. and 0.67 cm. respectively. The length and thickness of the right ovary is very highly significant, greater than those on the left every (P very much 0.01). The width of the right ovary is greater than that of the left ovary which is highly significant (P 0.01). The average means of the length and width of follicles on the left ovary are 1.7 cm. and 0.91 cm. respectively while those on the right ovary are 1.25 cm. and 0.95 cm. respectively. The length of the follicle on the left ovary is greater than that of the right ovary which is highly significant (P 0.01). The width of the follicle is greater on the right than on the left ovary (P, 0.05). Determination of sizes of corpora lutea were signified by +, ++, +++. Graphical analysis reveals extensive changes with irregular patterns. The comparison of the findings to the results of hormonal measurements by radioimmunoassay appears to be corresponding. The results show that the method of examination per rectum is applicable and practical for determinations of changes and status of ovaries of the Thai swamp buffalo thus valuable for future work in buffalo reproduction.

A radioimmunoassay for measuring serum progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and 17-B-oestradio (E2) in buffaloes was described. One cm3 of pooled serum with three steroids added for recovery was extracted with ether and chromatographed on a celite microcolumn. The recovery of the standard P, 17-OHP and E2 was 72.9-89.6%, 77.0-97.0% and 85.5-101.3% respectively. The precision of within assay variance of these three steroids expressed as percentage of coefficient of variations was 8.2% (P and 17-OHP) and 8.3% (E2). The between assay variance was 13.2%(PT), 11.2% (17-OHP) and 12.9%(E2). The sensitivity of the assay varied between 3.5-25.0 pg. P, 4.0-25.0 pg 17-OHP and 2.5-10.0 g E2. Levels of serum progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 17-B oestradiol were measured in the same serum samples at daily stages of the oestrous cycle in four female buffaloes; altogether there were 11 cycles. The swamp buffaloes have the normal oestrous cycles of 19-27 days. Progesterone levels in pre-oestrous-oestrous were 9.7 +-8.5 ng/100 cm3, the level beginning to rise by day 7 or 10, and reaching a peak of 38.8 +-12.2 ng/100 cm3 in 15.6 +-3.7 days of the cycle, then declining rapidly to the basal level about 4-7 days before the next oestrous cycle. The serum levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone rose significantly in three peaks: preostrous-oestrous (21.3 +-8.3 ng/100 cm3), metoestrous (14.6+-6.6 ng/100 cm3) and dioestrous (20.2 +-8.1 ng/100 cm3). The average values in these three phases were 15.1+-7.1 ng/100 cm3, 9.7+-5.2 ng/100 cm3 and 10.6+-4.0 ng/100 cm3 respectively. The basal levels were below 5.0 ng/100 cm3. The oestradiol levels reached a peak on the day before oestrous. The average value of the peaks was 13.0+-4.0 ng/100 cm3. The duration of the peak was about four days, then it sharply declined to basal levels of 3.9+-1.0 ng/100 cm3.

The gram negative bacteriam Aeromonas hydrophila is a common cause of different diseases of fish in Thailand. The most serious disease caused by this organism is ulcer disease in catfish (Clarias batrachus). One hundred and eight strains of A. hydrophila were isolated in May 1976 to March 1978. All tested strains were sensitive to Kanamycin, 1 percent resistance to nitrofurantein and polymyxin B, 5% to neomycin, 8% to chloramphenicol, 9% to tetracyclin, 13% to trimethoprim, 15% toerythromycin, 40% to sulfamethoxine and sulfathiazole, 45% to streptomycin, 46% to sulfamerazine, 52% to sulfadiazine, 97% to penicillin. The results indicated that the local isolated strains are more resistant to antimicrobial agents than the Danish strains.