Browsing damages are becoming more common due to almost doubling of population densities of cervids in Latvia during last 20 years; however, the figures are still lower than those observed in western and northern European countries. Consequently, the frequency of damages in young stands is increasing, too. Protection against browsing becomes more difficult, as the trees grow older; also the bark-stripping may result in a long-term deterioration of stem quality. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the factors affecting bark striping damages in pole-stage Norway spruce stands. Data were collected in 4 sample plots in damaged Norway spruce stands in western Latvia, measuring the tree parameters: height, diameter, branch characteristics and damage parameters: size, proportion from the stem circumference. Results of the modelling reveal that both damage parameters were significantly influenced by the branch length and thickness in the whorl closest to the breast height and the size of damages – also by breast height diameter of the tree. It suggests that increasing productivity of trees would not reduce the browsing problem. Since the silvicultural goal is the reduction of the size of branches, especially in bottom-log of the stem, protection against bark-stripping needs to be developed and cervid population densities controlled to reduce the problem.

No simple method has yet been found for satisfactory wood bio-resistance improvement regarding material performance in its end-use. An attempt to obtain material with proper strength and bio-durability by combined wood thermal modification and impregnation with a biocide is being researched. To select the most appropriate treatment conditions for the combined process, changes in wood physical and mechanical properties depending on the treatment temperature were investigated in the present study. For the investigation, in Latvia the most widespread wood – softwood pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and hardwood birch (Betula spp.) was used. Changes of wood mechanical and physical properties due to thermal modification were investigated and effect of treatment temperature and relative humidity on wood characteristics evaluated. It was found that, due to different degree of changes, no identical treatment conditions suit for birch and pine wood. Birch wood is considerably more sensitive to temperature and acceptable strength was maintained only for birch wood treated at 150 °C and for pine wood treated at 160 °C. Nevertheless at higher environmental humidity equilibrium moisture content and consequently radial and tangential swelling increased for all studied wood types, substantially smaller changes due to elevated humidity were detected for modified wood.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of the stand composition on the density of pine and spruce wood growing on former arable lands. Sample areas are located in mixed mature pine- and spruce-prevailing stands in Leningrad region, Russia. For the reliable determination of the basic density of spruce and pine wood, selection of model trees was carried out and cores were taken. Based on the data obtained from stems of 36 model trees from 3 sample plots, conversion equations were calculated to determine the basic density of wood. The measurements of the spruce and pine wood density were processed using variational statistics. The results have shown that the pine forms a more homogeneous wood than the spruce. On former arable lands, spruce has a denser wood than pine under the same growth conditions. The stand composition has a significant effect on the density of spruce rather than pine.

The influence of coniferous stand composition on the density of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies) wood is considered in this work. Processing of a large quantitative material of wood cores with the use of the ANOVA and rank analysis made it possible to reveal the influence on the macrostructure of wood of the quantitative representation of pine and spruce in the stand. In the pine part of the stand, the correlation of the wood density with the zones of early and late xylem is weak or medium. There is no wood density correlation with the width of the annual ring for stands with different shares of pine. In pine-prevailing stands with a share of pine 80% – 100%, there is a weak but reliably straight relationship between wood density and the size of late wood zone and an inverse relationship with early zone of xylem. For forest stands with a smaller part of pine participation, the relationship between these indicators is medium and reliable. For spruce, we observe a close relationship between the density of xylem and the parameters of its macrostructure in all its variants of participation in mixed coniferous plantations. In most of the studied mixed stands, the density of wood in spruce is not significantly differentiated and more homogeneous.

The article presents an analysis of the existing situation of forests of the Republic of Lithuania. The situation is analysed in ten counties of the country. In the Republic of Lithuania, forests occupied 2,178,958.04 ha, country’s forest coverage – 33.38% in 2017. The highest forest coverage was established in Alytus (48.80%) and Vilnius (43.47%) counties. Only in three counties of Lithuania (Panevėžys, Telšiai and Utena) the prevailing type of ownership is private forests. In all counties of Lithuania mostly there are Group IV commercial forests, which make up 71.4% of the total forest area. The least are Group I reserved forests. Coniferous species (56.2%) prevail in the country’s forests, of which pine forests are dominant. It is crucial today to analyse the current state of forests and anticipate changes in trends, preventing potential threats. Following the analysis of Lithuanian forest change, it was determined that during the period between the years 2006 and 2017, the forest area increased by 78,616.40 ha or 3.74%. The largest forest development took place in Utena (17,324.13 ha or 7.32%) and Šiauliai (14,798.15 ha or 6.87%) counties. In order to implement the forestry development prospects, from 2018 to 2030, 106,068.87 ha of forests should be planted. In 2030, 2,285,026.91 hectares of forest would occupy Lithuania and would make up to 35% of the country’s area.

Land use efficiency is based on agricultural production. Correct and effective land use could solve several problems – food production, improving the welfare and provision of social stability. The use of land and natural resources is an important issue in the development of the country; therefore, many researchers and scientists have analysed and studied the use of agricultural land and land use efficiency. Efficient land use has an impact on different types of factors, which are mutually contradictory. In the paper several authors researches are analysed, studying influencing factors of the use of agricultural land. Influenced by several factors the main problems associated with the use of agricultural land are the increase of unused agricultural land, the continued degradation of land, but the major problem of land use is the existence of a fragmented property structure. For the efficient use of agricultural land, there are several conditions that need to be met or improved to achieve effective land use. The main conclusion is that analysing the problems that are associated with the use of agricultural land is seen as interactive interaction, as the fragmented property structure is one of the reasons influencing the use of agricultural land, which leads to an increase in unused areas of agricultural land, while unused areas of agricultural land are often overgrown with shrubs while promoting degradation of land.

This paper aims to deal with the phytoremediation approach for protection of environment and preventing the streaming of contaminant flows to hydrological systems. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective environmentally friendly clean-up technology, which uses plants and microorganisms in rhizosphere for soil and groundwater treatment. Phytoremediation is enhancing degradation of organic pollutants and improving stabilization of inorganic contaminants where plants can be used to treat soil and water polluted with hydrocarbons, chlorinated substances, pesticides, metals, explosives, radionuclides as well as to reduce the excess of nutrients. Selection of species for this type of treatment processes is based on evapotranspiration potential and ability to bioaccumulate contaminants. The project entitled “Phytoremediation Park for treatment and recreation at glassworks contaminated sites” (PHYTECO) aimed at cross-sector international partnership. The challenge of project was to develop remediation strategy where negative consequences from centuries long anthropogenic influence are turned to be something positive – development of the recreation park from the glass dump. New “Knowledge in Inter Baltic Partnership Exchange for Future Regional Circular Economy Cooperation” (PECEC) project is sequential continuation.

This paper investigates the effect of intake runner design on pressure wave propagation and reflection in sparkignited internal combustion (IC) engine. These events are known to leave a noticeable influence on the overall engine performance therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate how changes in intake runner geometry affect pressure oscillations and volume flow rate. Time-dependent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was carried out to determine how these changes affect the pressure oscillations during a full engine cycle at constant crankshaft speed. Steady state CFD analysis at constant pressure differential was carried out to evaluate the effect on volume flow rate. The simulations were carried out in SolidWorks Flow Simulation environment. Honda CRF450R motorcycle engine was used to define the initial conditions and basic intake runner design. Intake air speed at port entrance cross-section was calculated based on engine parameters and operating speed. The average pressure values with respect to physical time were measured and graphed across the intake port opening cross-section. Six different intake runner designs were compared. It was concluded that the runner taper angle has influence on pressure wave-length but internal geometry (steps, curvature and taper angle) has influence on volume flow rate. It was observed that cylindrical intake runner design produced an increase in pressure wave-length but a cylindrical section of the intake runner with a stepped transition to tapered extension produced a slight increase in pressure wave amplitude.

In order to improve competitiveness in today’s business environment, farmers also have to think about the rapid technological development in their enterprises. The most important factor that can positively influence the progress of the agricultural sector is the application of modern, efficient and labour-saving technologies at the various stages of crop growing and processing. Introduction of robotics in the farming processes emerges as one of the options. Current state of technologies allows only a few tasks processed by robots to be technologically and economically viable; the most relevant example is lawn mowing robots. One of the issues that prevent widespread use of robots in agriculture is that there are still no regulations or standards in the robotic sector for the industry to allow each robot manufacturer to follow them, such as mountable equipment communication protocols, dimensions of chassis and body, control systems including sensors and actuators etc. Each robot developer chooses his own approach and interpretation in robot protocols and modules. This article presents a conceptual design of mobile robot “Formica 01” for various agricultural applications. A prototype of the proposed design has been developed and in the article various cases of its usage on strawberry fields have been described.

The aim of the study was to assess the ability of pathogens metabolic repair from injury within 10 days of refrigerated storage of milk after high pressure treatment. Two pathogenic strains – Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 (LM) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (EC) were inoculated in ultrahigh-temperature treated (UHT) milk at concentration of about 107 CFU mLE-1 and treated at 400, 500, 550, and 600 MPa for 15 min with inlet temperatures 20 °C, and then stored at 4 ± 2 °C to evaluate survival and growth of pathogens. By increasing the applied pressure, an increased rate of the pathogens’ inactivation was achieved. After 10 days of storage, milk treated at 400 MPa showed growth over 3.5 log CFU mLE-1 of L. monocytogenes and 1.7 log CFU mLE-1 of E. coli. In 550 MPa and 600 MPa treated milk samples after 8 and 10 days of storage colony formation occurred (3 CFU mLE-1 (550 LM) and 2 CFU mLE-1 (550 EC, 600 LM and 600 EC)). Although high pressure treatment is effective method for reducing of pathogenic bacteria, the metabolic repair from injury of bacterial cells in milk during storage should be considered.